📚 Year 10 CAIE Science Core Knowledge Review | 十年级 CAIE 科学核心知识点梳理
Year 10 is a pivotal stage in the CAIE Science curriculum, where students build a solid foundation across Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. This article distills the core knowledge required for the IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award) or the separate science syllabuses, focusing on key concepts that frequently appear in assessments. From cell biology and atomic structure to forces and waves, these essential topics are presented with clarity and paired with accurate Chinese translations to support bilingual learners.
十年级是 CAIE 科学课程的关键阶段，学生将在生物、化学和物理三大学科中打下坚实基础。本文梳理了 IGCSE 协调科学（双奖）或独立科学大纲所需的核心知识点，重点关注考试中频繁出现的核心概念。从细胞生物学和原子结构到力与波，这些重要主题均以清晰的方式呈现，并配有准确的中文翻译，以助力双语学习者。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
All living organisms are composed of cells, which are the smallest units that can carry out life processes.
所有生物体均由细胞组成，细胞是能够执行生命活动的最小单位。
Eukaryotic cells, such as those of animals and plants, contain a membrane-bound nucleus and various organelles. Animal cells typically have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes, while plant cells additionally possess a rigid cell wall, a large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts.
真核细胞（例如动物和植物细胞）含有具膜包被的细胞核及多种细胞器。动物细胞通常具有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体，而植物细胞还拥有坚硬的细胞壁、一个中央大液泡和叶绿体。
Prokaryotic cells, including bacteria, lack a true nucleus; their genetic material is found as a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm. They are generally much smaller and simpler in structure.
原核细胞（包括细菌）没有真正的细胞核，其遗传物质以一条环状染色体的形式存在于细胞质中。它们通常体积更小、结构也更简单。
2. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Carbohydrates, made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, serve as a primary energy source. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides that store energy in plants and animals respectively.
碳水化合物由碳、氢、氧组成，是主要的能量来源。淀粉和糖原是多糖，分别在植物和动物体内储存能量。
Proteins, composed of amino acids, are needed for growth and repair. Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts, lowering the activation energy of reactions without being consumed.
蛋白质由氨基酸构成，为生长和修复所必需。酶是起生物催化剂作用的蛋白质分子，它们降低反应的活化能而自身不被消耗。
Lipids (fats and oils) are made of fatty acids and glycerol; they provide insulation, energy storage and form cell membranes.
脂质（脂肪和油类）由脂肪酸和甘油构成；它们提供绝缘、能量储存并构成细胞膜。
The activity of enzymes is affected by temperature and pH. Each enzyme works best at an optimum temperature and pH; extremes may denature the enzyme, changing the shape of its active site irreversibly.
酶的活性受温度和 pH 影响。每种酶在最适温度和最适 pH 条件下活性最高；极端条件可能导致酶变性，使其活性位点形状发生不可逆改变。
3. Movement In and Out of Cells | 物质进出细胞
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient; it is a passive process requiring no energy.
扩散是粒子沿浓度梯度从较高浓度区域向较低浓度区域的净移动，是一个无需能量的被动过程。
Osmosis is a special case of diffusion involving the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.
渗透是扩散的一种特殊情况，指水分子通过部分通透膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液移动的过程。
Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient, from a lower to a higher concentration, using energy from respiration. This process is essential for root hair cells absorbing mineral ions from the soil.
主动运输逆浓度梯度（从低浓度到高浓度）运输物质，并利用呼吸作用提供的能量。此过程对根毛细胞从土壤中吸收矿质离子至关重要。
4. Plant Nutrition and Photosynthesis | 植物营养与光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture glucose using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light energy and chlorophyll.
光合作用是绿色植物利用光能和叶绿体，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖的过程。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (light, chlorophyll)
The rate of photosynthesis is limited by factors such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. At any given time, the factor nearest to its minimum determines the overall rate.
光合作用速率受光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度等因素限制。在任何时间点，最接近最小值的那个因素决定总反应速率。
Plants require mineral ions, notably nitrates for protein synthesis and magnesium for chlorophyll production. Deficiencies cause stunted growth and yellowing of leaves.
植物需要矿质离子，特别是用于合成蛋白质的硝酸盐和用于生成叶绿素的镁离子。缺乏这些离子会导致生长迟缓和叶片发黄。
5. Human Nutrition and Digestion | 人体营养与消化
A balanced diet includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and water. Each component plays a distinct role in maintaining health.
均衡饮食包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质、维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维和水。每种成分在维持健康方面发挥着独特作用。
Digestion involves the mechanical and chemical breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Amylase in saliva breaks down starch into maltose; protease in the stomach acts on proteins; lipase in the small intestine digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
消化涉及将大分子不溶性食物机械性及化学性地分解为可被血液吸收的小分子可溶性物质。唾液中的淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖；胃里的蛋白酶作用于蛋白质；小肠中的脂肪酶将脂肪消化为脂肪酸和甘油。
The small intestine is adapted for absorption with its long length, villi and microvilli, which greatly increase the surface area. Absorbed nutrients are transported to the liver for processing.
小肠适应于吸收功能，其管长、绒毛和微绒毛极大地增加了表面积。吸收的营养物质被输送到肝脏进行处理。
6. States of Matter and Atomic Structure | 物质状态与原子结构
Matter exists in three main states: solid, liquid and gas. In solids, particles are tightly packed in a regular arrangement and vibrate in fixed positions; in liquids, particles are close but can move past each other; in gases, particles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds.
物质主要以三种状态存在：固态、液态和气态。固态中粒子紧密排列且规则，在固定位置振动；液态中粒子靠近但可以互相滑动；气态中粒子相距很远且高速随机运动。
All substances are made of atoms. An atom comprises a central nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, with negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells.
所有物质均由原子构成。原子由含有带正电质子和不带电中子的原子核，以及围绕原子核在壳层中运动的带负电电子组成。
The atomic number (Z) equals the number of protons, which determines the element. The mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons. For example, a carbon-12 atom is represented as ¹²₆C.
原子序数（Z）等于质子数，它决定了元素的种类。质量数（A）是质子与中子之和。例如，碳-12 原子表示为 ¹²₆C。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass numbers.
同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子，因此质量数不同。
7. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals, where electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal. The resulting oppositely charged ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces in a giant ionic lattice.
离子键形成于金属与非金属之间，电子从金属转移到非金属。形成的带相反电荷离子通过强静电作用力聚集在巨型离子晶格中。
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between non-metal atoms. Simple molecular substances such as H₂O, CO₂ and O₂ have low melting and boiling points because of weak intermolecular forces, while giant covalent structures like diamond and silicon dioxide are very hard and have high melting points.
共价键涉及非金属原子间电子对的共享。简单分子物质（如 H₂O、CO₂ 和 O₂）因分子间作用力较弱而熔、沸点较低；而巨型共价结构（如金刚石和二氧化硅）非常坚硬，熔、沸点很高。
Metallic bonding is characterised by a sea of delocalised electrons surrounding positive metal ions. This structure allows metals to conduct electricity and heat, and to be malleable.
金属键的特征是离域电子海包围着带正电的金属离子。这种结构使金属能够导电和导热，并具有延展性。
8. Stoichiometry and the Mole | 化学计量学与摩尔
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) is the average mass of an atom of an element compared to one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Relative molecular mass (Mᵣ) is the sum of the Aᵣ values of all atoms in a molecule.
相对原子质量（Aᵣ）是一个元素原子的平均质量与一个碳-12 原子质量的 1/12 相比较得出的数值。相对分子质量（Mᵣ）是分子中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。
The mole is the SI unit for amount of substance. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant).
摩尔是物质的量的国际单位制单位。1 摩尔任何物质含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。
number of moles = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)
Using balanced chemical equations, the mole ratio allows calculation of the masses or volumes of reactants and products in a reaction.
利用配平后的化学方程式，摩尔比可用于计算反应中反应物和生成物的质量或体积。
9. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution, giving a pH less than 7. Common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃).
酸是在水溶液中释放氢离子（H⁺）的物质，其 pH 值小于 7。常见的酸包括盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）和硝酸（HNO₃）。
A base is a substance that neutralises an acid to form a salt and water. Alkalis are soluble bases that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution; they have a pH greater than 7.
碱是能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。可溶性碱在水溶液中释放氢氧根离子（OH⁻），其 pH 值大于 7。
Neutralisation involves the reaction: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O. When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, metal hydroxide or metal carbonate, a salt and water (and often carbon dioxide) are produced.
中和反应可表示为：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。当酸与金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物或金属碳酸盐反应时，生成盐和水（通常还有二氧化碳）。
Salts can be prepared by various methods, including titration, reaction of an acid with an insoluble base, or precipitation.
盐可以通过多种方法制备，包括滴定法、酸与不溶性碱的反应或沉淀法。
10. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Speed is a scalar quantity that measures how fast an object moves, while velocity is a vector quantity that includes direction.
速率是标量，度量物体运动的快慢；速度是矢量，包含方向。
average speed = total distance / total time
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be calculated using:
加速度是速度的变化率。可按下式计算：
a = (v – u) / t
A distance-time graph shows how distance changes with time; a steeper gradient indicates higher speed. A speed-time graph can reveal acceleration, constant speed, and deceleration; the area under the line gives the distance travelled.
距离-时间图显示距离随时间的变化，斜率越陡表示速率越高。速度-时间图可以显示加速、匀速和减速，图线下的面积代表行驶的距离。
Newton’s Second Law states that the resultant force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration: F = m a. Weight is the force due to gravity, W = m g, where g ≈ 9.8 m/s² on Earth.
牛顿第二定律指出，作用于物体上的合外力等于其质量乘以加速度：F = m a。重力是由于地球吸引而产生的力，W = m g，地球上 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²。
11. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Energy exists in many forms, including kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, thermal and nuclear energy. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.
能量以多种形式存在，包括动能、重力势能、化学能、热能和核能。能量守恒定律指出，能量不能凭空产生或消失，只能从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。
Kinetic energy (Eₖ) and gravitational potential energy (Eₚ) are given by:
动能（Eₖ）和重力势能（Eₚ）的公式为：
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Eₚ = m g h
Work is done when a force moves an object. Work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved in the direction of the force (m).
当力使物体移动时便做了功。功（焦耳）= 力（牛）× 沿力方向移动的距离（米）。
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: P = W / t. Efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy, often expressed as a percentage.
功率是做功或能量转移的速率：P = W / t。效率是有用输出能量与总输入能量之比，通常以百分比表示。
12. Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (e.g. light, water waves) have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of energy travel, while longitudinal waves (e.g. sound) have vibrations parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（如光波、水波）的振动方向垂直于能量传播方向；纵波（如声波）的振动方向则平行于能量传递方向。
Key wave properties include amplitude, wavelength (λ), frequency (f), and wave speed (v). These are related by:
波的关键属性包括振幅、波长（λ）、频率（f）和波速（v）。它们之间的关系为：
v = f λ
Reflection occurs when a wave bounces off a surface, obeying the law of reflection (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection). Refraction is the change in direction of a wave when it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
当波从表面反弹时发生反射，遵循反射定律（入射角等于反射角）。折射是波从一种介质进入另一种介质时，因速度改变而引起的方向变化。
The electromagnetic spectrum, in order of decreasing wavelength, consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s) and have a wide range of applications, from communication and cooking to medical imaging and sterilisation.
电磁波谱按波长递减的顺序包括：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。所有电磁波在真空中均以光速（3.0 × 10⁸ 米/秒）传播，应用范围广泛，从通信、烹饪到医学成像和灭菌无所不包。
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