📚 Year 10 Cambridge French: Core Knowledge Points Overview | Year 10 剑桥法语：核心知识点梳理
Year 10 marks the first year of the Cambridge IGCSE French course, where students build a solid foundation in grammar, vocabulary, and communication skills. This article brings together the essential knowledge points you will encounter, from key tenses and pronouns to adjective agreements and thematic vocabulary. Mastering these areas will give you confidence in reading, writing, speaking, and listening, and set you up for success in the final examinations.
Year 10 是剑桥 IGCSE 法语课程的第一年，学生们将打下语法、词汇和交际能力的坚实基础。本文梳理了你在这一阶段会接触到的核心知识点，涵盖主要时态、代词、形容词配合以及主题词汇。掌握这些内容将增强你在听说读写各方面的自信，为最终的考试成功铺好道路。
1. Present Tense & Key Irregular Verbs | 现在时与主要不规则动词
The present tense (le present) is the most frequently used tense to describe actions happening now, habitual activities, and general truths. Regular verbs in French are grouped into three families: -er verbs (e.g. parler, aimer), -ir verbs (e.g. finir, choisir), and -re verbs (e.g. vendre, attendre). To conjugate a regular -er verb, remove the -er ending and add -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. For -ir verbs like finir, the endings are -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. For -re verbs like vendre, you use -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent.
现在时（le present）是最常用的时态，用来描述正在发生的动作、习惯性行为和普遍真理。法语规则动词分为三类：以 -er 结尾的动词（如 parler, aimer）、以 -ir 结尾的动词（如 finir, choisir）和以 -re 结尾的动词（如 vendre, attendre）。规则 -er 动词变位时去掉词尾 -er，加上 -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。以 finir 为代表的 -ir 动词词尾为 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。以 vendre 为代表的 -re 动词则使用 -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent。
However, a large number of common verbs are irregular and must be learned by heart. The four auxiliaries etre, avoir, aller, and faire are essential, as they appear constantly. Other important irregular verbs include pouvoir (je peux), vouloir (je veux), devoir (je dois), savoir (je sais), voir (je vois), prendre (je prends), mettre (je mets), and dire (je dis).
然而，大量常用动词是不规则的，必须熟记。四个助动词 etre（是）、avoir（有）、aller（去）和 faire（做）至关重要，它们几乎无处不在。其他重要不规则动词还包括 pouvoir（能够 – je peux）、vouloir（想要 – je veux）、devoir（必须 – je dois）、savoir（知道 – je sais）、voir（看见 – je vois）、prendre（拿 – je prends）、mettre（放 – je mets）和 dire（说 – je dis）。
| Verb (Infinitive) | Present tense forms |
| etre (to be) | je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous sommes, vous etes, ils/elles sont |
| avoir (to have) | j’ai, tu as, il/elle a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont |
| aller (to go) | je vais, tu vas, il/elle va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont |
| faire (to do/make) | je fais, tu fais, il/elle fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils/elles font |
Knowing these irregular forms inside out is non-negotiable for constructing accurate sentences in both written and spoken French.
彻底掌握这些不规则变位是写出和说出正确法语句子的基本要求。
2. The Passe Compose (Perfect Tense) | 复合过去时
The passe compose is the main past tense used to express completed actions in French. It is formed with the present tense of avoir or etre as the auxiliary verb, plus the past participle of the main verb. Most verbs take avoir, but some intransitive verbs (often indicating movement or state) take etre. With etre, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject (e.g. elle est allee, ils sont arrives).
复合过去时（passe compose）是法语中表达完成动作的主要过去时态。它由助动词 avoir 或 etre 的现在时加上主动词的过去分词构成。大多数动词使用 avoir，但一些不及物动词（通常表示移动或状态）使用 etre。使用 etre 时，过去分词需要与主语的性、数配合（如 elle est allee, ils sont arrives）。
To form the past participle: -er verbs become -e (parle), -ir verbs become -i (fini), and -re verbs become -u (vendu). Many common verbs have irregular past participles: avoir → eu, etre → ete, faire → fait, prendre → pris, ecrire → ecrit, voir → vu, pouvoir → pu, vouloir → voulu, devoir → du, savoir → su, lire → lu, boire → bu, connaitre → connu.
过去分词的构成：-er 动词变成 -e（parle），-ir 动词变成 -i（fini），-re 动词变成 -u（vendu）。许多常用动词的过去分词是不规则的：avoir → eu, etre → ete, faire → fait, prendre → pris, ecrire → ecrit, voir → vu, pouvoir → pu, vouloir → voulu, devoir → du, savoir → su, lire → lu, boire → bu, connaitre → connu。
The so-called ‘etre’ verbs can be remembered by the mnemonic DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP, which includes descendre, rester, monter, revenir, sortir, venir, aller, naitre, devenir, entrer, retourner, tomber, rentrer, arriver, mourir, and partir. Reflexive verbs also always use etre.
所谓的“etre 动词”可以用助记口诀 DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP 来记忆，它包括 descendre, rester, monter, revenir, sortir, venir, aller, naitre, devenir, entrer, retourner, tomber, rentrer, arriver, mourir 和 partir。代动词也一律使用 etre。
3. The Imperfect Tense (Imparfait) | 未完成过去时
The imparfait is used to describe ongoing or habitual actions in the past, to set the scene, and to talk about how things used to be. It is formed by taking the ‘nous’ form of the present tense, removing the -ons ending, and adding -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The only exception is etre, whose stem is ‘et-‘ (j’etais, tu etais, etc.).
未完成过去时（imparfait）用于描述过去正在进行的或习惯性的动作，交代背景，以及说明过去的状态。它的构成是取动词现在时“nous”形的词干，去掉 -ons，然后加上 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。唯一的例外是 etre，其词干为“et-”（j’etais, tu etais 等）。
Deciding between the passe compose and the imparfait is a key skill. The passe compose recounts completed, single events that often interrupt a background situation described by the imparfait. For instance: ‘Je lisais un livre quand le telephone a sonne.’ (I was reading a book when the telephone rang.)
区分复合过去时和未完成过去时是一项关键技能。复合过去时叙述完成的、单一的事件，这些事件常常打断由未完成过去时描述的背景情景。例如：“Je lisais un livre quand le telephone a sonne.”（我在看书，这时电话响了。）
Common indicators for the imparfait include expressions like tous les jours, souvent, pendant que, d’habitude, and autrefois. Regular practice in writing stories will help you switch naturally between the two past tenses.
未完成过去时的常见标志包括 tous les jours、souvent、pendant que、d’habitude 和 autrefois 等表达方式。经常练习写故事能帮助你自然地在两种过去时态间切换。
4. The Future Tenses: Near Future and Simple Future | 将来时：最近将来时与简单将来时
French offers two main ways to talk about the future. The near future (futur proche) is formed with the present tense of aller + infinitive, and it expresses an immediate or very certain intention: ‘Je vais acheter une glace.’ (I am going to buy an ice cream.)
法语有两种表达将来的主要方式。最近将来时（futur proche）由 aller 的现在时加动词不定式构成，表达即将发生或非常确定的意图：“Je vais acheter une glace.”（我要去买个冰淇淋。）
The simple future (futur simple) is used for more distant events, promises, and predictions. It is formed by adding endings to the infinitive (or irregular stem). The endings are -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. For -re verbs, drop the final -e before adding endings: ‘je vendrai.’
简单将来时（futur simple）用于更久远的事件、承诺和预测。它通过在不定式（或不规则词干）后加上词尾构成。词尾为 -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。以 -re 结尾的动词需先去掉末尾的 -e 再加词尾：“je vendrai”。
Common irregular stems include: etre → ser-, avoir → aur-, aller → ir-, faire → fer-, pouvoir → pourr-, vouloir → voudr-, devoir → devr-, savoir → saur-, venir → viendr-, voir → verr-. You must be able to recognise and produce these forms fluently.
常见的不规则词干有：etre → ser-、avoir → aur-、aller → ir-、faire → fer-、pouvoir → pourr-、vouloir → voudr-、devoir → devr-、savoir → saur-、venir → viendr-、voir → verr-。你必须能够流利地辨认和写出这些形式。
5. The Conditional Mood | 条件式
The conditional (le conditionnel) is used to express polite requests, hypothetical situations, or what would happen under certain conditions. The stem of the conditional is the same as the simple future, so you need the future stem and then add the imperfect endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
条件式（le conditionnel）用于表达礼貌的请求、假设的情况或在某种条件下会发生的事。条件式的词干与简单将来时完全一致，因此只需使用将来词干再加上未完成过去时的词尾：-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。
Example: ‘Je voudrais un cafe, s’il vous plait.’ (I would like a coffee, please.) The classic si clause model for hypothetical situations is: Si + imparfait → conditionnel. For example, ‘Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais plus.’ (If I had money, I would travel more.)
例如：“Je voudrais un cafe, s’il vous plait.”（请给我一杯咖啡。）经典的假设句式是：Si + 未完成过去时 → 条件式。例如：“Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais plus.”（如果我有钱，我会多旅游。）
In Year 10, mastering the conditional of vouloir, pouvoir, devoir and aimer is particularly useful for speaking and writing tasks, as it allows you to express wishes and offer suggestions politely.
在 Year 10 阶段，掌握 vouloir、pouvoir、devoir 和 aimer 的条件式对口语和写作尤其有用，因为它能让你礼貌地表达愿望和提出建议。
6. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | 直接宾语代词与间接宾语代词
Object pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition and are placed before the verb in French. Direct object pronouns (me, te, le/la, nous, vous, les) answer the question ‘who?’ or ‘what?’ and agree in gender and number with the noun they replace. For example: ‘Je regarde la tele’ → ‘Je la regarde.’
宾语代词用来替代名词以避免重复，在法语中通常放在动词之前。直接宾语代词（me, te, le/la, nous, vous, les）回答“谁？”或“什么？”，并与所替代名词的性、数保持一致。例如：“Je regarde la tele” → “Je la regarde.”
Indirect object pronouns (me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur) replace nouns preceded by the preposition ‘a’ (to a person). For instance: ‘Je parle a Marie’ → ‘Je lui parle.’ Note that ‘lui’ is used for both masculine and feminine singular nouns.
间接宾语代词（me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur）替代前面由介词“a”（对某人）引导的名词。例如：“Je parle a Marie” → “Je lui parle.”注意，“lui” 既替代阳性也替代阴性单数名词。
When a sentence contains both a direct and an indirect object pronoun, the order is usually: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur. In the imperative affirmative, however, pronouns come after the verb and are joined by hyphens, with ‘moi’ and ‘toi’ replacing ‘me’ and ‘te’.
当句子中同时出现直接和间接宾语代词时，顺序通常是 me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur。然而在肯定命令式中，代词需放在动词之后并用连字符连接，同时用 moi/toi 代替 me/te。
7. The Pronouns Y and En | 代词 y 与 en
The pronoun ‘y’ replaces a place (introduced by a, chez, dans, etc.) or the construction ‘a + thing’. For example: ‘Je vais a Paris’ → ‘J’y vais.’ And ‘Je pense a mes vacances’ → ‘J’y pense.’ (Note: for ‘a + person’ we use indirect object pronouns.)
代词 y 替代地点（由 a、chez、dans 等引导）或“a + 事物”的结构。例如：“Je vais a Paris” → “J’y vais.”以及“Je pense a mes vacances” → “J’y pense.”（注意：“a + 人”时我们使用间接宾语代词。）
The pronoun ‘en’ replaces a noun introduced by the partitive articles du, de la, de l’, des, or a noun preceded by a quantity, as well as the construction ‘de + noun’. For example: ‘Je mange du pain’ → ‘J’en mange.’ ‘J’ai trois stylos’ → ‘J’en ai trois.’
代词 en 替代由部分冠词 du、de la、de l’、des 引导的名词，或带有数量词的名词，以及“de + 名词”的结构。例如：“Je mange du pain” → “J’en mange.”“J’ai trois stylos” → “J’en ai trois.”
Both pronouns are placed before the conjugated verb, except in affirmative commands. In the imperative affirmative, ‘y’ and ‘en’ follow the verb and are attached with a hyphen, e.g. ‘Allez-y ! Manges-en !’
这两个代词都置于变位动词之前，肯定命令式除外。在肯定命令式中，y 和 en 放在动词之后，用连字符连接，例如：“Allez-y ! Manges-en !”
8. Relative Pronouns: Qui and Que | 关系代词 qui 与 que
Relative pronouns link two clauses and allow you to add information about a noun. ‘Qui’ is the subject of the relative clause, referring to people or things. For example: ‘La femme qui parle est ma mere.’ (The woman who is speaking is my mother.)
关系代词连接两个分句，让你能对某个名词补充信息。Qui 是关系从句的主语，既可指人也可指物。例如：“La femme qui parle est ma mere.”（正在说话的那位女士是我妈妈。）
‘Que’ (qu’ before a vowel) is the direct object of the relative clause. It introduces the thing or person that receives the action. For instance: ‘Le film que j’ai vu est excellent.’ (The film that I saw is excellent.)
Que（在元音前用 qu’）是关系从句的直接宾语，用来引出承受动作的人或物。例如：“Le film que j’ai vu est excellent.”（我看过的这部电影很棒。）
A simple trick: check the clause that follows. If there is no subject, use ‘qui’. If a subject is present and there is no object, use ‘que’. Remember that before a vowel, ‘que’ becomes ‘qu”, but ‘qui’ does not change.
一个简单的诀窍是：检查随后的分句。如果没有主语，用 qui。如果已有主语且缺少宾语，则用 que。记住在元音前 que 要缩写成 qu’，而 qui 则保持不变。
9. The Comparative and Superlative | 比较级与最高级
The comparative is formed by placing ‘plus…que’, ‘moins…que’, or ‘aussi…que’ around the adjective or adverb. For example: ‘Marie est plus intelligente que Paul.’ (Marie is more intelligent than Paul.) ‘Ce train est moins rapide que l’avion.’ (This train is less fast than the plane.) ‘Elle chante aussi bien que sa soeur.’ (She sings as well as her sister.)
比较级是通过在形容词或副词前后加上“plus…que”、“moins…que”或“aussi…que”来构成的。例如：“Marie est plus intelligente que Paul.”（玛丽比保尔更聪明。）“Ce train est moins rapide que l’avion.”（火车不如飞机快。）“Elle chante aussi bien que sa soeur.”（她唱得跟她姐姐一样好。）
The superlative uses ‘le plus’ or ‘le moins’ plus an adjective, agreeing in gender and number. In most cases, the definite article stays before the noun: ‘C’est la plus belle ville de la region.’ (It is the most beautiful town in the region.)
最高级使用“le plus”或“le moins”加上形容词，并保持性、数一致。多数情况下定冠词仍保留在名词前：“C’est la plus belle ville de la region.”（这是该地区最美丽的城镇。）
Irregular comparative forms exist for ‘bon’ (good) → ‘meilleur’ (better) and ‘bien’ (well) → ‘mieux’ (better). The superlative of ‘bon’ is ‘le meilleur/la meilleure’ and of ‘bien’ is ‘le mieux’.
比较级有不规则形式：bon（好）→ meilleur（更好），bien（好地）→ mieux（更好地）。bon 的最高级是 le meilleur/la meilleure，bien 的最高级是 le mieux。
10. Negatives and Question Forms | 否定式与疑问形式
Basic negation in French surrounds the conjugated verb with ‘ne…pas’: ‘Je ne comprends pas.’ (I don’t understand.) In the passe compose, ‘ne’ and ‘pas’ wrap around the auxiliary verb: ‘Je n’ai pas fini.’ Other negative expressions include ne…jamais (never), ne…rien (nothing), ne…personne (nobody), ne…plus (no longer), and ne…que (only).
法语基本否定式是将变位动词用“ne…pas”括起来：“Je ne comprends pas.”（我不明白。）在复合过去时中，“ne” 和 “pas” 包裹助动词：“Je n’ai pas fini.”其他否定表达还有 ne…jamais（从不）、ne…rien（没有什么）、ne…personne（没有人）、ne…plus（不再）和 ne…que（仅仅）。
Questions can be formed in three main ways: by raising intonation (‘Tu aimes le chocolat?’), by adding ‘est-ce que’ (‘Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat?’), or by inversion (‘Aimes-tu le chocolat?’). The inversion method is more formal and requires you to swap the subject pronoun and verb, adding a hyphen.
疑问句主要有三种构成方式：语调上扬（“Tu aimes le chocolat ?”）、加上“est-ce que”（“Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat ?”）或主谓倒装（“Aimes-tu le chocolat ?”）。倒装法比较正式，需要互换主语代词和动词并加上连字符。
Inversion becomes slightly more complex with il/elle/on forms: a linking -t- is inserted between two vowels, as in ‘Parle-t-il allemand ?’ (Does he speak German?) Remember that in the negative-interrogative form the ‘ne’ remains before the verb and ‘pas’ after it.
与 il/elle/on 形式倒装时会稍复杂：在两个元音之间需插入一个连接 -t-，如 “Parle-t-il allemand ?”（他说德语吗？）记住在否定疑问形式中，“ne” 保留在动词之前，“pas” 保留在动词之后。
11. Adjectives and Adverbs | 形容词与副词
Adjectives in French agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the nouns they describe. Generally, you add -e for the feminine, -s for the masculine plural, and -es for the feminine plural: un garcon intelligent, une fille intelligente. Some adjectives have irregular feminine forms, such as beau → belle, vieux → vieille, blanc → blanche, bon → bonne, gentil → gentille.
法语形容词需要与它所修饰的名词在性（阳性/阴性）和数（单数/复数）上保持一致。一般规则是：阴性加 -e，阳性复数加 -s，阴性复数加 -es：un garcon intelligent, une fille intelligente。部分形容词的阴性形式不规则，如 beau → belle, vieux → vieille, blanc → blanche, bon → bonne, gentil → gentille。
Position of adjectives is also important. Most come after the noun (une maison moderne), but a small group known by the acronym BAGS precede the noun: Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size (e.g. beau, jeune, bon, grand).
形容词的位置也很重要。大多数形容词置于名词之后（une maison moderne），但有一小类可用缩写 BAGS 帮助记忆，它们需放在名词之前：Beauty（美）, Age（年龄）, Goodness（优劣）, Size（大小）（如 beau, jeune, bon, grand）。
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ment to the feminine form of the adjective: lent → lente → lentement (slowly). If the adjective ends in a vowel, add -ment to the masculine form: vrai → vraiment. Exceptions include bien (from bon), mal (from mauvais), and vite (irregular). Adverbs are placed after the conjugated verb.
副词通常由形容词的阴性形式加 -ment 构成：lent → lente → lentement。如果形容词以元音结尾，则在阳性形式后直接加 -ment：vrai → vraiment。例外情况包括 bien（来自 bon）、mal（来自 mauvais）和 vite（不规则）。副词一般放在变位动词之后。
12. Key Thematic Vocabulary & Exam Tips | 核心主题词汇与考试技巧
Year 10 Cambridge French covers a range of everyday topics that you must be able to discuss. These include: personal information and family, daily routine and free time, food and drink, school life and future studies, local area and holidays, health and fitness, technology and media, and the environment. Building a rich vocabulary bank for each theme is vital.
Year 10 剑桥法语涵盖了一系列你必须能够讨论的日常话题。这包括：个人信息与家庭、日常生活与业余时间、餐饮、学校生活与未来学习、当地环境和假期、健康与健身、科技与媒体，以及环境。为每个主题积累丰富的词汇库至关重要。
In the reading and listening papers, watch out for synonyms and paraphrasing. Learn to identify common distractors, such as negative structures hidden inside a positive-looking sentence. For writing and speaking, always use a variety of tenses and linkers (par exemple, cependant, donc, d’abord, puis, enfin) to make your French more sophisticated.
在阅读和听力考试中，要留意同义替换和转述。学会识别常见的干扰项，比如隐藏在看似积极句子中的否定结构。对于写作和口语，务必使用多种时态和连接词（par exemple, cependant, donc, d’abord, puis, enfin）让你的法语表达更丰富。
Practice answering questions in full sentences and
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