📚 Year 10 CCEA Biology: Ultimate Glossary & Quick Memorisation Guide | CCEA 十年级生物：术语速记终极指南
Mastering the language of biology is half the battle. This guide unpacks every essential term in the Year 10 CCEA Biology specification, pairing clear English definitions with Chinese explanations so you can build a solid bilingual foundation. Use the memory hooks, tables, and repeated exposure across topics to make these words stick.
掌握生物学的语言是成功的一半。本指南深入解析 CCEA 十年级生物学中每一个关键术语，用清晰的英文定义搭配中文解释，帮助你建立扎实的双语基础。运用记忆技巧、表格以及跨主题的反复接触，让这些词汇牢牢扎根。
1. Cell Structure | 细胞结构
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA) and directs protein synthesis.
细胞核： 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质 (DNA) 并指导蛋白质合成。
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions occur, containing organelles and enzymes.
细胞质： 一种胶状物质，是多数化学反应发生的场所，包含细胞器和酶。
Cell membrane: A selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
细胞膜： 一种选择性透性屏障，控制物质进出细胞。
Mitochondria: (singular: mitochondrion) The site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy in the form of ATP.
线粒体： (单数 mitochondrion) 有氧呼吸的场所，以 ATP 形式释放能量。
Ribosomes: Tiny structures that carry out protein synthesis by reading mRNA.
核糖体： 微小的结构，通过读取 mRNA 进行蛋白质合成。
Cell wall: (in plants, fungi, and bacteria) A rigid outer layer made of cellulose (in plants) that provides support and shape.
细胞壁： (植物、真菌和细菌) 由纤维素 (植物) 构成的坚硬外层，提供支持和形状。
Chloroplasts: Organelles containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place.
叶绿体： 含有叶绿素的细胞器，是光合作用发生的场所。
Vacuole: A large, permanent, fluid-filled space in plant cells that stores cell sap and maintains turgor pressure.
液泡： 植物细胞中一个大型永久性的充满液体的空间，储存细胞液并维持膨压。
2. Transport Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient, a passive process requiring no energy.
扩散： 粒子沿浓度梯度从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，是一个无需能量的被动过程。
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.
渗透： 水分子通过选择性透性膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液的扩散。
Active transport: The movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) and carrier proteins.
主动运输： 分子或离子逆浓度梯度的移动，需要能量 (ATP) 和载体蛋白。
Turgid: A plant cell fully swollen with water, with the vacuole pushing the cytoplasm against the cell wall.
膨大： 植物细胞因吸水而完全膨胀，液泡将细胞质推向细胞壁。
Plasmolysis: The shrinkage of the cytoplasm away from the cell wall in a plant cell due to water loss by osmosis.
质壁分离： 植物细胞因渗透失水导致细胞质与细胞壁分离的收缩现象。
Flaccid: A plant cell that has lost water and become limp, no longer providing support.
松弛： 植物细胞失水后变得柔软，不再起支持作用。
3. Enzymes | 酶
Enzyme: A biological catalyst made of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.
酶： 由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。
Active site: The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
活性部位： 酶上底物结合并发生反应的特定区域。
Substrate: The molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
底物： 酶所作用的分子。
Lock and key model: A model explaining enzyme specificity: the substrate fits into the active site like a key into a lock.
锁钥模型： 一种解释酶专一性的模型：底物与活性部位吻合，如同钥匙插入锁中。
Denaturation: The irreversible change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site caused by extreme temperature or pH, leading to loss of function.
变性： 酶的活性部位因极端温度或 pH 发生不可逆的形状改变，导致功能丧失。
Optimum temperature/pH: The temperature or pH at which an enzyme works most effectively.
最适温度/pH： 酶发挥最大效能的温度或 pH。
4. Photosynthesis & Plant Nutrition | 光合作用与植物营养
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, in the presence of chlorophyll.
光合作用： 绿色植物在叶绿素存在下利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。
The word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll).
文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（需要光和叶绿素）。
Limiting factors: Factors such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature that can slow down the rate of photosynthesis when in short supply.
限制因子： 光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度等因素，供给不足时会减慢光合作用速率。
Chlorophyll: The green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿素： 叶绿体中的绿色色素，吸收光能用于光合作用。
Nitrate ions: Needed by plants to make amino acids and proteins; deficiency causes stunted growth.
硝酸根离子： 植物合成氨基酸和蛋白质所需；缺乏导致生长矮小。
Magnesium ions: Required for the production of chlorophyll; deficiency leads to yellowing of leaves (chlorosis).
镁离子： 叶绿素生成所需；缺乏导致叶片黄化（失绿病）。
5. Respiration | 呼吸作用
Aerobic respiration: The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release a large amount of energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
有氧呼吸： 在有氧气条件下分解葡萄糖，释放大量能量，产生二氧化碳和水作为废物。
Word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy).
文字方程式：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。
Anaerobic respiration: The incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen to release a small amount of energy. In animals, it produces lactic acid; in plants and yeast, ethanol and carbon dioxide.
无氧呼吸： 无氧条件下葡萄糖的不完全分解，释放少量能量。动物中产生乳酸；植物和酵母中产生乙醇和二氧化碳。
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, the energy-carrying molecule produced in respiration used for cellular activities.
ATP： 三磷酸腺苷，呼吸作用产生的载能分子，用于细胞活动。
Fermentation: A type of anaerobic respiration performed by yeast, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
发酵： 酵母进行的一种无氧呼吸，产生乙醇和二氧化碳。
6. DNA & Genetics | DNA 与遗传学
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-helix molecule that carries genetic information in the sequence of bases.
DNA： 脱氧核糖核酸，一种双螺旋分子，通过碱基序列携带遗传信息。
Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein and determines a particular characteristic.
基因： DNA 的一个片段，编码特定的蛋白质并决定特定的性状。
Chromosome: A tightly coiled structure of DNA found in the nucleus, carrying many genes.
染色体： 位于细胞核内紧密卷曲的 DNA 结构，携带许多基因。
Allele: An alternative version of a gene, e.g., blue eye allele or brown eye allele.
等位基因： 基因的不同形式，如蓝色眼睛等位基因或棕色眼睛等位基因。
Dominant allele: An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype even if only one copy is present.
显性等位基因： 即使只存在一个拷贝，也会在表型中表达的等位基因。
Recessive allele: An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when two copies are present (homozygous).
隐性等位基因： 只有在两个拷贝都存在（纯合）时才在表型中表达的等位基因。
Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., BB, Bb, bb).
基因型： 生物体的遗传组成（例如 BB, Bb, bb）。
Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical traits resulting from the genotype.
表型： 由基因型产生的可观察的物理或生化性状。
Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., BB or bb).
纯合： 某一性状拥有两个相同的等位基因（如 BB 或 bb）。
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Bb).
杂合： 某一性状拥有两个不同的等位基因（如 Bb）。
7. Mitosis & Cell Cycle | 有丝分裂与细胞周期
Mitosis: A type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
有丝分裂： 一种产生两个遗传上相同的子细胞的细胞分裂方式，用于生长、修复和无性生殖。
Cell cycle: The series of stages a cell goes through from one division to the next, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
细胞周期： 细胞从一次分裂到下一次分裂所经历的一系列阶段，包括间期、有丝分裂和胞质分裂。
Interphase: The stage where the cell grows, carries out normal functions, and replicates its DNA before division.
间期： 细胞生长、执行正常功能并在分裂前复制 DNA 的阶段。
Chromatid: One of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere.
染色单体： 复制后染色体上的两个相同拷贝之一，由着丝粒相连。
Centromere: The region where two chromatids are held together.
着丝粒： 两个染色单体相连的区域。
Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.
胞质分裂： 细胞质分裂形成两个独立的子细胞。
8. Ecology & Ecosystems | 生态学与生态系统
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment.
生态系统： 一群活生物体彼此之间以及与其非生物环境相互作用的群落。
Habitat: The place where an organism lives.
栖息地： 生物体居住的地方。
Population: All the organisms of a single species living in the same area at the same time.
种群： 同一时间生活在同一地区的同一物种的所有个体。
Community: All the populations of different species living and interacting in an area.
群落： 生活在同一地区并相互作用的各个物种的种群总和。
Producer: A green plant or algae that makes its own food by photosynthesis.
生产者： 通过光合作用制造自身食物的绿色植物或藻类。
Consumer: An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms (primary, secondary, tertiary).
消费者： 以其他生物为食获取能量的生物（初级、次级、三级消费者）。
Decomposer: Bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients.
分解者： 分解死亡的有机物质、回收营养的细菌和真菌。
Food chain: A linear sequence showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next.
食物链： 表示能量从一个生物体传递到下一个生物体的线性序列。
Food web: A network of interconnected food chains showing the complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
食物网： 由相互连接的食物链组成的网络，展示生态系统中复杂的摄食关系。
Biodiversity: The variety of living organisms in an area, including species richness and genetic diversity.
生物多样性： 某一地区活生物体的多样性，包括物种丰度和遗传多样性。
9. Human Nutrition & Digestion | 人类营养与消化
Digestion: The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
消化： 将大的不溶性食物分子分解为小的可溶性分子以便吸收进入血液的过程。
Mechanical digestion: Physical breakdown of food by chewing and churning in the stomach.
物理消化： 通过咀嚼和胃的搅拌对食物进行的物理性分解。
Chemical digestion: The breakdown of food using enzymes and acids (e.g., in the stomach and small intestine).
化学消化： 利用酶和酸（如在胃和小肠中）进行的食物分解。
Amylase: An enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose, produced in the salivary glands and pancreas.
淀粉酶： 一种将淀粉分解为麦芽糖的酶，由唾液腺和胰腺产生。
Protease: An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids, produced in the stomach (pepsin) and pancreas (trypsin).
蛋白酶： 一种将蛋白质分解为氨基酸的酶，由胃（胃蛋白酶）和胰腺（胰蛋白酶）产生。
Lipase: An enzyme that breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol, produced by the pancreas.
脂肪酶： 一种将脂肪 (脂类) 分解为脂肪酸和甘油的酶，由胰腺产生。
Villi: Finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption of digested food.
绒毛： 小肠中的手指状突起，增大吸收消化后食物的表面积。
Peristalsis: Waves of muscular contraction that move food along the digestive tract.
蠕动： 推动食物沿消化道前进的肌肉收缩波。
10. Circulatory & Respiratory Systems | 循环与呼吸系统
Double circulatory system: Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit: pulmonary circulation (to the lungs) and systemic circulation (to the body).
双循环系统： 血液在一次完整循环中两次经过心脏：肺循环 (到肺) 和体循环 (到身体)。
Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart under high pressure, with thick, elastic walls.
动脉： 将血液带离心脏的血管，承受高压，管壁厚而有弹性。
Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, containing valves to prevent backflow.
静脉： 将血液带回心脏的血管，内有瓣膜防止倒流。
Capillaries: Microscopic blood vessels where gas exchange occurs, with walls only one cell thick.
毛细血管： 发生气体交换的显微血管，管壁仅一个细胞厚。
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place; adapted with large surface area and thin walls.
肺泡： 肺部发生气体交换的微小气囊；具有大面积、薄壁等适应性特征。
Ventilation: The movement of air into and out of the lungs, involving the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
换气： 空气进出肺部的运动，涉及膈肌和肋间肌。
Aerobic Capacity: The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in and used during exercise; improved through training.
有氧能力： 运动中可摄入并利用的最大氧气量；可通过训练提高。
11. Homeostasis & Excretion | 稳态与排泄
Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment within narrow limits, e.g., body temperature, blood glucose, water balance.
稳态： 将内环境维持在狭窄范围内的稳定状态，如体温、血糖、水分平衡。
Excretion: The removal of metabolic waste products from the body, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and excess salts.
排泄： 将代谢废物如二氧化碳、尿素和多余盐分排出体外。
Urea: A nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids, excreted by the kidneys in urine.
尿素： 一种含氮废物，由肝脏分解过量氨基酸产生，通过肾脏以尿液形式排出。
Nephron: The functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and produces urine.
肾单位： 肾脏的功能单位，过滤血液并产生尿液。
Ultrafiltration: The filtration of small molecules (water, glucose, urea, ions) from the blood in the glomerulus under pressure.
超滤： 在肾小球中通过压力将小分子 (水、葡萄糖、尿素、离子) 从血液中滤出。
Selective reabsorption: The process in the nephron where useful substances like glucose and water are taken back into the blood.
选择性重吸收： 肾单位中将葡萄糖和水等有用物质重新吸收回血液的过程。
ADH: Antidiuretic hormone, which increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, regulating body water content.
抗利尿激素 (ADH)： 一种增加集合管对水通透性的激素，调节体内水分含量。
Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow and conserve heat.
血管收缩： 血管变窄以减少血流量并保存热量。
12. Reproductive System & Hormones | 生殖系统与激素
Puberty: The stage when the reproductive organs become functional and secondary sexual characteristics develop, driven by hormones.
青春期： 生殖器官开始发挥功能、第二性征发育的阶段，由激素驱动。
Testosterone: The main male sex hormone produced by the testes, responsible for sperm production and male secondary characteristics.
睾酮： 由睾丸产生的主要雄性激素，负责精子产生和男性第二性征。
Oestrogen: The main female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, regulating the menstrual cycle and female secondary characteristics.
雌激素： 由卵巢产生的主要雌性激素，调节月经周期和女性第二性征。
Progesterone: A hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta, which maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.
孕酮： 卵巢和胎盘产生的激素，在怀孕期间维持子宫内膜。
Menstrual cycle: The monthly series of changes in the female reproductive system, controlled by hormones, preparing the body for possible pregnancy.
月经周期： 女性生殖系统每月的一系列变化，受激素控制，为可能的怀孕做准备。
Fertilisation: The fusion of a male gamete (sperm) with a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote.
受精： 雄配子 (精子) 与雌配子 (卵细胞) 融合形成受精卵。
Placenta: An organ that develops during pregnancy to supply oxygen and nutrients to the foetus and remove waste products, while also producing progesterone.
胎盘： 妊娠期间发育的器官，为胎儿供应氧气和营养并带走废物，同时还产生孕酮。
Contraception: Methods used to prevent pregnancy, including barrier methods, hormonal methods, and intrauterine devices.
避孕： 用于防止怀孕的方法，包括屏障法、激素法和宫内节育器。
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