Year 10 CIE Law: Vocabulary Express Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CIE 法律词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 CIE Law: Vocabulary Express Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CIE 法律词汇术语速记指南

Mastering legal terminology is the first major hurdle for any Year 10 student tackling CIE Law. Without a firm grip on these words and phrases, reading case law, understanding statutory provisions, or writing structured answers becomes frustrating guesswork. This guide breaks down essential vocabulary into manageable groups, pairing each term with a clear English definition and its Chinese equivalent, so you can absorb meaning quickly and retain it for examinations.

掌握法律术语是 Year 10 学生攻克 CIE 法律的第一大难关。不把这些单词和短语吃透，阅读判例、理解法律条文、组织答案就都成了靠运气的猜谜。这份指南把核心词汇拆成一组组容易消化的小单元，每个术语都配有清晰的英文定义和中文对应释意，让你快速理解含义并在考试中牢牢记住。

1. Sources of Law | 法律渊源

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Statute	A written law passed by a legislative body, such as Parliament.	成文法 / 制定法：由立法机构（如议会）通过的书面法律。
Common law	Law developed by judges through court decisions and precedent, rather than by statute.	普通法 / 判例法：由法官通过判决和先例发展而来的法律，而非成文立法。
Precedent	A legal principle established in an earlier court case that is binding or persuasive for courts when deciding later cases with similar facts.	先例：在先前案件中确立的法律原则，对以后审理类似案件的法院具有约束力或说服力。
Binding precedent	A precedent from a higher court that lower courts must follow.	有约束力的先例：上级法院作出的判例，下级法院必须遵循。
Persuasive precedent	A precedent that a court may consider and be influenced by, but is not obliged to follow (e.g. from a lower court or another jurisdiction).	有说服力的先例：法院可以参考并受其影响，但无义务遵循的先例（如下级法院或其他法域的判决）。
Delegated legislation	Laws made by individuals or bodies under powers given to them by Parliament in a parent Act.	授权立法：个人或机构根据议会在母法中授予的权力制定的法规。

2. Courts and Hierarchy | 法院体系与层级

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Jurisdiction	The official power to make legal decisions and judgments, often relating to a particular area or type of case.	管辖权：作出法律裁定与判决的官方权力，通常针对特定地区或案件类型。
Magistrates’ Court	The lowest criminal court in England and Wales, handling minor offences, preliminary hearings, and some family matters.	治安法院：英格兰和威尔士最低级别的刑事法院，处理轻罪、初步听证及部分家庭事务。
Crown Court	A court that deals with serious criminal cases (indictable offences), trials with a jury, and appeals from Magistrates’ Courts.	刑事法院 / 皇家法院：处理严重刑事案件（可诉罪）、由陪审团参与审判以及治安法院上诉案件。
High Court	A senior court with three divisions (Queen’s Bench, Chancery, Family) handling complex civil cases and some appellate work.	高等法院：设有三个分庭（王座庭、大法官庭、家事庭）的高级法院，审理复杂民事案件及部分上诉案件。
Court of Appeal	The court that hears appeals from the Crown Court and the High Court; divided into Civil and Criminal divisions.	上诉法院：审理来自刑事法院和高等法院的上诉；分为民事上诉庭和刑事上诉庭。
Supreme Court	The final court of appeal in the UK for all civil cases, and for criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland.	最高法院：英国所有民事案件以及英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰刑事案件的终审法院。

3. Criminal Law Essentials | 刑法基础词汇

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Actus reus	The guilty act – the physical element of a crime, which can be an action, a failure to act (omission), or a state of affairs.	犯罪行为：犯罪的客观要件，可以是积极行为、不作为（疏忽）或某一事态。
Mens rea	The guilty mind – the mental element of a crime, such as intention, recklessness, or knowledge.	犯罪意图：犯罪的主观要件，如故意、轻率或明知。
Strict liability	An offence where the prosecution does not need to prove mens rea for at least one element of the actus reus; only the guilty act is required.	严格责任：一种犯罪，控方无需证明犯罪行为中至少一个要件的犯罪意图，仅需证明犯罪行为即可。
Intention	The highest level of mens rea: the defendant’s aim, purpose, or desire to bring about a specific consequence.	故意：最高级别的犯罪意图：被告意图、目的或希望实现某一特定后果。
Recklessness	Taking an unjustified risk that a reasonable person would not take, while aware of that risk.	轻率：明知有不合理的风险，而一个理性人不会冒此风险，仍为之。
Burden of proof	The obligation to prove the facts of the case; in criminal law this usually falls on the prosecution.	举证责任：证明案件事实的义务；在刑法中通常由控方承担。
Standard of proof	The level of certainty required to prove a case; in criminal trials it is ‘beyond reasonable doubt’.	证明标准：证明案件所需的确信程度；刑事审判中为“排除合理怀疑”。

4. Civil Law and Torts | 民法与侵权法词汇

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Tort	A civil wrong (other than breach of contract) that causes harm or loss, for which the law provides a remedy, usually damages.	侵权：造成损害或损失的民事过错（违约除外），法律为此提供救济，通常是损害赔偿。
Negligence	A tort involving a breach of a legal duty of care owed to another person, causing that person harm.	过失侵权：一种侵权，违反了对他人的法定注意义务，并导致该人受到损害。
Duty of care	A legal obligation to take reasonable steps to avoid foreseeable harm to another person.	注意义务：采取合理措施避免可预见的对他人的损害的法定义务。
Claimant	The person who brings a civil action (the party suing).	原告：提起民事诉讼的一方。
Defendant	The person being sued in a civil case or charged in a criminal case.	被告：在民事案件中被起诉或在刑事案件中被指控的人。
Damages	A monetary award ordered by a court to compensate the claimant for loss or injury suffered.	损害赔偿金：法院命令支付给原告以赔偿其所受损失或伤害的金额。
Balance of probabilities	The standard of proof in civil cases: the claim must be more likely than not to be true.	盖然性权衡：民事案件的证明标准：主张的事实存在的可能性大于不可能。

5. Contract Law Basics | 合同法基础词汇

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Offer	A clear statement of the terms on which one party is willing to contract, made with the intention that it will become binding on acceptance.	要约：一方明确表示愿意以所列条款订立合同，并有意使该表示在接受后产生约束力。
Acceptance	Unconditional agreement to all the terms of an offer, communicated to the offeror.	承诺：对要约所有条款的无条件同意，并传达给要约人。
Consideration	Something of value exchanged between the parties to a contract; each side must give something of value.	对价 / 约因：合同双方相互给予的有价值之物；每一方都必须提供某种价值。
Intention to create legal relations	The parties must intend their agreement to have legal consequences; presumed in commercial agreements, but not in social/domestic ones.	设立法律关系的意图：双方必须有意使协议产生法律后果；商业协议中推定有此意图，社交或家庭协议中则不作推定。
Invitation to treat	An invitation for others to make an offer; it is not itself an offer (e.g. goods on a shop shelf).	要约邀请：邀请他人发出要约的行为；本身不是要约（例如货架上的商品）。
Breach of contract	Failure by one party to perform obligations under the contract without lawful excuse.	违约：一方无合法理由未履行合同义务。

6. Human Rights Vocabulary | 人权术语

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Convention right	A right protected under the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights Act 1998.	公约权利：《欧洲人权公约》所保护的权利，通过1998年《人权法》纳入英国国内法。
Declaration of incompatibility	A statement by a higher court that a piece of UK legislation is incompatible with a Convention right; it does not invalidate the law.	不一致声明：较高级别法院作出的某英国立法与公约权利不相容的声明；这并不使该法律无效。
Proportionality	The principle that any interference with a right must be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued.	比例原则：对权利的任何干涉必须与所追求合法目的成比例。
Absolute right	A right that can never be restricted or derogated from, such as the right not to be tortured.	绝对权利：永不可限制或克减的权利，如免受酷刑的权利。
Qualified right	A right that may be interfered with if it is prescribed by law, necessary in a democratic society, and pursues a legitimate aim.	有限制权利：如果法律明确规定、在民主社会中必要且为追求合法目的，可被干预的权利。

7. Legal Personnel and Roles | 法律从业者与角色

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Solicitor	A legal professional who advises clients, prepares legal documents, and may represent clients in lower courts.	事务律师：为客户提供咨询、准备法律文件，并可在低级法院代理客户的法律专业人士。
Barrister	A lawyer who specialises in advocacy in higher courts and provides expert legal opinions.	出庭律师：专长于在较高级别法院出庭辩护并提供专家法律意见的律师。
Judge	A public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law, ensuring a fair trial and applying the law.	法官：被任命在法庭上裁决案件、确保公正审判并适用法律的公职人员。
Magistrate	A volunteer (lay magistrate) or legally qualified district judge who hears cases in Magistrates’ Courts.	治安法官：在治安法院审理案件的志愿者（非专业治安法官）或具有法律资格的区法官。
Jury	A group of 12 randomly selected members of the public who decide the facts and deliver a verdict in Crown Court trials.	陪审团：由随机选出的12名公众组成的团体，在刑事法院审判中裁定事实并作出裁决。

8. Key Legal Maxims and Principles | 重要法律格言与原则

Latin Term	English / Chinese
Stare decisis	“To stand by things decided” – the doctrine of following precedent. “遵循先例”——遵循已决之事的准则。
Ratio decidendi	The reason for the decision – the binding part of a precedent. 判决理由——先例中有约束力的部分。
Obiter dicta	“Other things said” – comments made by a judge that do not form part of the ratio and are not binding but may be persuasive. “附带意见”——法官所作的评论，不构成判决理由、无约束力但可能有说服力。
Ultra vires	“Beyond the powers” – an act that falls outside the legal authority of the person or body performing it. “越权”——超出个人或机构法定权限的行为。
Audi alteram partem	“Hear the other side” – a principle of natural justice that both parties must be given a fair opportunity to present their case. “听取另一方”——自然正义原则，必须给予双方当事人公平陈述的机会。

9. Legal Process Terms | 诉讼程序术语

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Indictable offence	A serious criminal offence that must be tried in the Crown Court before a jury.	可诉罪：必须由刑事法院在陪审团面前审理的严重刑事犯罪。
Summary offence	A less serious offence tried in the Magistrates’ Court without a jury.	简易罪：在治安法院无陪审团审理的较轻罪行。
Either‑way offence	An offence that can be tried either in the Magistrates’ Court or the Crown Court depending on the defendant’s election or the mode of trial hearing.	两可罪：根据被告选择或审判方式听证，可在治安法院或刑事法院审判的罪行。
Verdict	The decision of a jury (guilty or not guilty) or a judge as to whether the prosecution has proved its case.	裁决：陪审团（有罪或无罪）或法官就控方是否已证明其指控所作的判定。
Sentence	The punishment given to a person convicted of a crime, e.g. imprisonment, fine, community order.	刑罚：对被定罪者施加的惩罚，如监禁、罚金、社区令。

10. General Legal Vocabulary Builder | 通用法律词汇积累

Term	English Meaning	中文释义
Liability	Legal responsibility for one’s actions or omissions, which can be criminal or civil.	法律责任：对自己作为或不作为的法律责任，可以是刑事或民事性质。
Remedy	The means by which a court enforces a right or compensates for a wrong, e.g. damages, injunction.	救济：法院强制执行权利或弥补损害的手段，如损害赔偿、禁制令。
Injunction	A court order that requires a person to do something (mandatory) or to stop doing something (prohibitory).	禁制令：法院命令某人必须做某事（强制令）或停止做某事（禁止令）。
Statutory interpretation	The process by which judges determine the meaning of words in statutes when applying them to cases.	法律解释：法官在将成文法律应用于案件时确定条文含义的过程。
Parliamentary sovereignty	The principle that Parliament is the supreme law‑making body and can make or unmake any law.	议会主权：议会是最高立法机关，可以制定或废除任何法律的原则。

11. Tips to Memorise Legal Terms Effectively | 高效记忆法律术语的技巧

Use active recall: test yourself with flashcards showing the term on one side and the English‑Chinese definition on the other. Practise explaining each term out loud as if teaching a classmate, which reinforces understanding far better than passive re‑reading.

主动回忆法：使用抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写英中双解。大声解释每个术语，就像给同学讲课一样——这种输出式学习比被动重读要有效得多。

Group terms by context: study the vocabulary of criminal law separately from that of tort or contract. Create mind maps linking related terms, e.g. actus reus, mens rea, strict liability all under ‘criminal liability’. This builds a mental framework that supports long‑term memory.

按情境分组：将刑法词汇与侵权或合同词汇分开学习。绘制思维导图，把相关术语联结起来，例如将 actus reus、mens rea、严格责任都归在“刑事责任”下。这有助于建立心理框架，支撑长期记忆。

Make legal Latin memorable: break down phrases into literal meanings – stare decisis (stand by things decided) – and link them to a visual image. For audi alter

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Year 10 CIE Law: Vocabulary Express Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CIE 法律词汇术语速记指南