📚 Year 10 CIE Music: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 10年级 CIE 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the Italian terms, symbols and structural vocabulary is essential for the CIE IGCSE Music listening paper and for discussing your own performances. This guide groups terms by musical element and provides quick memory hooks—so you can learn them fast and recall them confidently under pressure.
掌握意大利术语、符号和结构词汇对于 CIE IGCSE 音乐听力卷以及分析自己的演奏至关重要。本指南按音乐元素将术语分组，并提供速记诀窍，让你学得快、记得牢，考试从容应对。
1. Tempo & Metre Markings | 速度与节拍标记
Tempo tells us how fast the pulse moves; metre describes how beats are grouped. The majority of terms come from Italian, so grouping them by speed range helps the brain file them logically.
速度告诉我们律动的快慢；节拍则描述拍子的分组方式。绝大多数术语来自意大利语，将它们按速度区间分组能帮助大脑更有条理地存储。
Key tempo terms (slow → fast):
关键速度术语（慢 → 快）：
- Largo – very slow and broad.
广板 – 非常缓慢而宽广。 - Lento – slow.
慢板 – 缓慢。 - Adagio – slow and stately (literally “at ease”).
柔板 – 缓慢而庄严（原意“舒适地”）。 - Andante – at a walking pace.
行板 – 行走的速度。 - Moderato – moderate speed.
中板 – 中速。 - Allegro – fast, lively (think “allegro = alive”).
快板 – 快速、活泼（联想“allegro = 活泼的”）。 - Vivace – lively and quick.
活板 – 活泼而快速。 - Presto – very fast.
急板 – 非常快。
Tempo-change terms: accelerando (accel.) – gradually getting faster; ritardando (rit.) – gradually getting slower; rallentando (rall.) – slowing down, often with more breadth; a tempo – return to the original speed. Remember: ‘rit.’ and ‘rall.’ both slow down; think of a car ‘rall-y’ losing speed.
速度变化术语：accelerando（渐快）、ritardando（渐慢）、rallentando（逐渐放慢，常带舒展感）、a tempo（回原速）。记忆法：’rit.’ 和 ‘rall.’ 都减速，可以想象拉力赛汽车减速。
Metre: duple (2 beats per bar), triple (3 beats), quadruple (4 beats). Simple time means each beat divides into two (2/4, 3/4, 4/4); compound time means each beat divides into three (6/8, 9/8, 12/8). Tap the dotted-crotchet pulse to feel compound metre.
节拍类型：二拍子、三拍子、四拍子。简单拍子每拍均分为二（2/4, 3/4, 4/4）；复合拍子每拍均分为三（6/8, 9/8, 12/8）。击打附点四分音符的律动就能感受复合拍子。
2. Dynamics & Expression | 力度与表情
Dynamics indicate volume. The basic scale runs from very soft to very loud, with ‘piano’ meaning soft and ‘forte’ meaning loud. Attach a mental scale to a number line: pp=1, p=2, mp=3, mf=4, f=5, ff=6.
力度表示音量。基础等级从极弱到极强，’piano’ 意为弱，’forte’ 意为强。在脑海中把力度值对应到数字线上：pp=1, p=2, mp=3, mf=4, f=5, ff=6。
- pp (pianissimo) – very soft.
极弱。 - p (piano) – soft.
弱。 - mp (mezzo-piano) – moderately soft.
中弱。 - mf (mezzo-forte) – moderately loud.
中强。 - f (forte) – loud.
强。 - ff (fortissimo) – very loud.
极强。 - crescendo (cresc.) – gradually getting louder.
渐强。 - decrescendo (decresc.) or diminuendo (dim.) – gradually getting softer.
渐弱。 - sforzando (sfz) – a sudden, strong accent on a single note.
突强，单个音上突如其来的重音。 - fortepiano (fp) – loud then immediately soft.
强后突弱。
3. Articulation & Phrasing | 演奏法与句法
Articulation describes how individual notes are attacked, sustained and connected. The four ‘S’ words can help: staccato (separated), slurred (smooth legato), stressed (accent), sustained (tenuto).
演奏法描述单个音符的起奏、保持和连接方式。用四个“S”词帮助记忆：staccato（断奏）、slurred（连奏）、stressed（重音）、sustained（保持音）。
- staccato – short and detached.
断奏 – 短促的、分离的。 - legato – smooth and connected, often shown with a slur.
连奏 – 圆滑相连的，常用连线表示。 - tenuto – held for full value, sometimes slightly stressed.
保持音 – 奏足时值，有时稍加压力。 - accent (>) – attack the note with extra force.
重音 – 用额外力量奏出该音。 - marcato – marked, stressed, often performed with a heavier accent.
突出地 – 加重强调，常比普通重音更有力。 - phrase – a musical sentence, usually marked by a long slur.
乐句 – 音乐中的句子，通常用长的连线标示。
4. Melodic Devices & Intervals | 旋律手法与音程
Melody is built from motifs and varied by sequences and imitation. Intervals measure the distance between two notes; they are qualified as major (M), minor (m), perfect (P), augmented (A) or diminished (d).
旋律由动机构成，并通过模进和模仿进行发展。音程度量两个音之间的距离，用大（M）、小（m）、纯（P）、增（A）或减（d）来修饰。
Common devices:
常用手法：
- motif – a short, distinctive melodic or rhythmic cell.
动机 – 短小而鲜明的旋律或节奏细胞。 - sequence – repeating a phrase at a higher or lower pitch.
模进 – 在更高或更低的音高上重复乐句。 - imitation – one part echoes another closely.
模仿 – 一个声部紧随另一声部重复。 - ostinato – a persistently repeated pattern.
固定音型 – 持续重复的音型。 - conjunct – stepwise movement.
级进 – 逐级移动。 - disjunct – movement with leaps.
跳进 – 包含大跳的移动。
Interval quick reference (semitones in brackets):
音程速查（括号内为半音数）：
- Unison (0) – P1
- 2nd: minor (1) m2, major (2) M2
- 3rd: minor (3) m3, major (4) M3
- 4th: perfect (5) P4, augmented (6) A4
- 5th: diminished (6) d5, perfect (7) P5
- 6th: minor (8) m6, major (9) M6
- 7th: minor (10) m7, major (11) M7
- Octave (12) – P8
Remember: perfect intervals (1,4,5,8) become augmented when widened by a semitone or diminished when narrowed, while 2nds, 3rds, 6ths and 7ths are labelled major/minor.
记忆：纯音程（1,4,5,8）扩大半音为增、缩小半音为减；而二、三、六、七度用大小标记。
5. Harmony & Chords | 和声与和弦
Chords are built by stacking thirds. The three primary triads (I, IV, V) define the key, while cadences act as punctuation. Picture a house: I is home, V is the front door, IV is the garden path leading back or to V.
和弦按三度叠置建造。三个正三和弦（I、IV、V）确立调性，终止式则充当标点。想象一栋房子：I 是家，V 是前门，IV 是花园小径，带你回到或走向 V。
- major triad – major 3rd + perfect 5th.
大三和弦 – 大三度 + 纯五度。 - minor triad – minor 3rd + perfect 5th.
小三和弦 – 小三度 + 纯五度。 - dominant 7th – major triad + minor 7th (V⁷).
属七和弦 – 大三和弦 + 小七度。 - perfect cadence V–I (sounds finished).
完全终止 V–I（听起来结束）。 - plagal cadence IV–I (‘Amen’).
变格终止 IV–I（“阿门”）。 - imperfect cadence I/ii/IV–V (feels incomplete).
不完全终止 I/ii/IV–V（感觉未结束）。 - interrupted cadence V–vi (surprise!).
阻碍终止 V–vi（意外！）。
6. Tonality & Scales | 调性与音阶
Tonality tells us the key centre; scales are the raw materials. The three minors are exam favourites—use a story: natural minor is ‘plain’, harmonic minor has a sharpened 7th (‘exotic twist’), melodic minor raises the 6th and 7th ascending but reverts to natural descending.
调性指明调性中心；音阶是原材料。三种小调是考试热门——编个故事：自然小调“平淡”，和声小调升高七级（“异国情调”），旋律小调上行升高六、七级、下行还原为自然。
| Scale | Key feature |
| Major | W-W-H-W-W-W-H |
| Natural minor | W-H-W-W-H-W-W |
| Harmonic minor | sharpened 7th |
| Melodic minor | raised 6th & 7th ascending |
| Chromatic | all semitones |
| Pentatonic | 5 notes (e.g. black keys) |
| Whole-tone | all whole steps |
Relative keys share a key signature (e.g. C major & A minor); the relative minor is found a minor 3rd below the major tonic. Modulation means changing key; common moves are to the dominant, subdominant or relative minor.
关系大小调共享调号（如C大调与a小调）；关系小调的主音在大调主音下方小三度。转调即改变调性；常见转到属调、下属调或关系小调。
7. Texture & Density | 织体与密度
Texture describes how many layers there are and how they interact. A simple ‘hand’ analogy: one hand = monophonic, hands together playing chords = homophonic, hands playing independent tunes = polyphonic.
织体描述声部的层数及其互动方式。简单的“手”比喻：一只手弹旋律 = 单声部，双手一起弹和弦 = 主调，双手各自独立旋律 = 复调。
- monophonic – single unaccompanied line.
单声织体 – 单一无伴奏的线条。 - homophonic – melody with chordal accompaniment (melody-dominated homophony).
主调织体 – 旋律加和弦伴奏。 - polyphonic/contrapuntal – two or more independent melodies woven together.
复调织体 – 两个及以上独立旋律交织。 - heterophonic – simultaneous variations of the same melody.
支声复调 – 同一旋律的同时变奏。 - thick/dense – many layers, wide range.
厚重/密集 – 多层、宽广音域。 - thin/sparse – few layers, lots of space.
轻薄/稀疏 – 少层、许多留白。
8. Structure & Form | 结构与曲式
Structure is the architecture of a piece. Use food analogies to remember: binary (AB) is a two‑course meal, ternary (ABA) is a sandwich, rondo (ABACA) is a kebab with a recurring ingredient.
结构是作品的建筑蓝图。用食物类比来记忆：二段体（AB）像两道菜，三段体（ABA）像三明治，回旋曲（ABACA）像不断重复主料的烤肉串。
- Binary (AB) – two distinct sections, often each repeated.
二段体 – 两个对比段落，常各自反复。 - Ternary (ABA) – three sections, where A returns.
三段体 – 三段，A段再现。 - Rondo (ABACA) – recurring A theme alternating with episodes.
回旋曲 – 主部多次返回，间隔插部。 - Published by TutorHao | Year 10 音乐 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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