Year 10 Edexcel Politics: Essential Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 政治：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 Edexcel Politics: Essential Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 政治：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key political terminology is the first step to excelling in your Year 10 Edexcel Politics course. Without a solid grasp of vocabulary, explaining concepts like democracy, sovereignty, or the rule of law becomes a challenge. This guide is designed to help you memorise essential terms quickly by using word origins, visual associations, and comparison techniques.

掌握关键的政治术语是在 Year 10 Edexcel 政治课程中取得优异成绩的第一步。没有扎实的词汇基础，解释像民主、主权或法治这样的概念会变得很困难。本指南旨在通过词源、视觉联想和对比技巧，帮助你快速记忆核心术语。

1. Forms of Government | 政府形式

Democracy – A system where citizens exercise power, usually through voting. From Greek ‘demos’ (people) + ‘kratos’ (power). Tip: Picture people holding a ‘demo’ to show their power.

民主 – 公民通常通过投票行使权力的制度。来自希腊语“人民”（demos）+“权力”（kratos）。记忆法：想象民众举行示威（demo）来展示力量。

Autocracy – Rule by one person who holds complete power. ‘Auto’ means self; a single ruler makes all decisions. Think of an ‘automatic’ system controlled by one.

专制 – 由掌握全部权力的一人实行统治。“自动”（auto）意味着自身；单一统治者做所有决定。联想一个“自动”运转、一人控制全部的系统。

Oligarchy – A government in which a small group exercises control. From ‘oligos’ (few) + ‘archein’ (to rule). Tip: ‘Oli’ sounds like ‘only’ – only a few rule.

寡头体制 – 由一小群人实行控制的政府形式。词源是“寡少”（oligos）+“统治”。记忆法：听起来像“仅有”（only），只有少数人统治。

Monarchy – A system with a king or queen as head of state, often hereditary. Modern UK is a constitutional monarchy. Associate ‘mono’ with one ruler on a throne.

君主制 – 以国王或女王为国家元首的体制，通常世袭。现代英国是君主立宪制。联想“mono”（单一）与王座上的唯一统治者。

Theocracy – A state ruled by religious leaders or divine guidance. From ‘theos’ (god) + ‘kratos’. Tip: ‘Theo’ = theology; God rules.

神权体制 – 由宗教领袖或神的法律统治的国家。来自“神”（theos）+“权力”。记忆法：“theo”与神学同源，神在统治。

Anarchy – Absence of any formal government or authority. Often temporary after a revolution. Think of ‘an-‘ meaning without, so ‘without rule’.

无政府状态 – 没有任何正式政府或权威的状态，常在革命后短暂出现。记住“an-”表示无，即没有统治。

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2. Sovereignty & Political Power | 主权与政治权力

Sovereignty – Supreme power or authority of a state over its territory and people. Think of a ‘reign’ that is ‘sovereign’.

主权 – 一个国家在其领土和人民之上的最高权力。想象一个“君主”（sovereign）的统治。

Authority – The recognised right to give orders or make decisions. It differs from raw power because it is seen as legitimate. Tip: Authority has ‘author’ – the one who writes the rules.

权威 – 公认的发布命令或做决定的权力。它与蛮力不同，因为它被视为正当。记忆法：权威犹如“作者”，制定规则的人。

Legitimacy – The widespread acceptance that a government has the right to rule. Link to ‘legitimate’ – lawful and fair.

合法性 – 对政府统治权的广泛接受。联系“合法的”，公平且法律认可。

Mandate – The authority given to a government by the people through elections. Tip: ‘Mandate’ sounds like ‘man date’ – a date with voters granting permission.

授权 – 人民通过选举赋予政府的权力。记忆法：谐音“man+date”，与选民的一次约定。

Consent of the governed – The idea that government power depends on the people’s approval. A key principle of democracy.

被统治者的同意 – 政府权力依赖于人民认可的理念，民主的重要原则。

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3. Political Ideologies: Left & Right | 政治意识形态：左与右

Socialism – Advocates collective ownership and equality. ‘Social’ points to shared resources and state intervention.

社会主义 – 主张集体所有制与平等。“社会的”指向共享资源和国家干预。

Conservatism – Favours tradition, stability, and gradual change. Think ‘conserve’ what already works.

保守主义 – 偏好传统、稳定与渐进变革。联想“保守”有效的事物。

Liberalism – Champions individual freedom and limited government. ‘Liberty’ is freedom.

自由主义 – 捍卫个人自由和有限政府。“自由”是核心。

Communism – A far-left ideology aiming for a classless society where all property is publicly owned. Tip: ‘Commun’ = common ownership.

共产主义 – 极左意识形态，追求无阶级社会，一切财产公有。记忆法：“共产”就是共同拥有。

Fascism – A far-right authoritarian system that glorifies the state over individual rights, often led by a dictator. Think of ‘fasces’ – a bundle of rods, symbolising strength through unity.

法西斯主义 – 极右威权体系，尊崇国家高于个人，常由独裁者领导。古罗马“束棒”（fasces）象征团结的力量。

Nationalism – Strong identification with one’s nation and support for its interests. Can unify or divide. ‘Nation’ first.

民族主义 – 对自身民族的强烈认同并支持其利益，既可团结也可分裂。联想“民族优先”。

Ideology	意识形态	Left / Right	Key Focus (English)	核心焦点 (中文)
Socialism	社会主义	Left	Equality, state welfare	平等、国家福利
Liberalism	自由主义	Centre-left	Individual rights, free markets with safety nets	个人权利、有保障的自由市场
Conservatism	保守主义	Right	Tradition, authority, private enterprise	传统、权威、私营企业
Communism	共产主义	Far-left	Classless society, public ownership	无阶级社会、公有制
Fascism	法西斯主义	Far-right	State glorification, nationalism	国家美化、极端民族主义

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4. Parliament & The Constitution | 议会与宪法

Parliament – The supreme legislative body in the UK, comprising the House of Commons, House of Lords, and the Monarch. From French ‘parler’ (to speak). Tip: parliament is a place for talk and debate.

议会 – 英国最高立法机关，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。源自法语“说话”（parler）。记忆法：议会是辩论与说话的场所。

Constitution – The set of rules and principles that define how a country is governed. Think of a ‘construction’ plan for the state.

宪法 – 规定国家治理方式的一套规则与原则。想象一份国家的“建设蓝图”。

Uncodified constitution – A constitution not written in a single document, like the UK’s. Tip: ‘Uncodified’ means not in one code or book.

不成文宪法 – 未汇集在单一文件中的宪法，如英国。记忆法：“不成文”即没有一本统一的法规书。

Bill of Rights – A legal document that lists specific rights and freedoms of citizens, such as the UK’s 1689 Bill of Rights. Simply, a ‘bill’ of your rights.

权利法案 – 列出公民具体权利与自由的法律文件，如英国1689年《权利法案》。联想象一份你的权利的清单。

Separation of powers – The principle that the executive, legislature, and judiciary should be independent of each other to prevent abuse. Split the power into three equal branches.

权力分立 – 行政、立法和司法机关应彼此独立以防止滥权的原则。将权力分成三个均等的分支。

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5. Elections & Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度

Suffrage – The right to vote in political elections. From Latin ‘suffragium’, meaning voting support. Tip: ‘Suffer’ through campaigns to get the vote!

选举权 – 在政治选举中投票的权利。词源拉丁“suffragium”（投票支持）。联想为争取投票权而“受苦”。

First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) – An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins, regardless of an overall majority. Used in UK general elections. Visualise a horse race: first past the post wins.

简单多数制 – 得票最高者胜出的选举制度，无论是否获得绝对多数。用于英国大选。想象赛马：第一个冲过终点胜出。

Proportional Representation (PR) – A system that allocates seats in proportion to the share of votes each party receives. ‘Proportional’ seats match ‘proportion’ of votes.

比例代表制 – 根据各党得票比例分配席位的制度。“比例”意味着席位与得票比例匹配。

Referendum – A direct vote by the electorate on a single policy question, e.g. Brexit referendum. Think ‘refer’ to the people for their answer.

全民公投 – 全体选民就某一政策问题进行的直接投票，如英国脱欧公投。记忆法：“refer”即咨询民众。

Electorate – All the people who are entitled to vote in an election. They ‘elect’ plus it’s a ‘rate’ or group.

全体选民 – 有资格投票的所有人。“elect”（选举）的群体。

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6. Political Parties & Pressure Groups | 政党与压力集团

Political party – An organised group aiming to gain elected office and influence government policy. ‘Party’ – a group with a shared party line.

政党 – 旨在赢得选举职位并影响政府政策的有组织团体。“派对”一样，一群人共享路线。

Manifesto – A written statement of a party’s promises and proposed policies during an election campaign. Tip: ‘Manifesto’ sounds like ‘manifestion’ of plans.

竞选宣言 – 政党在竞选期间书面列出的承诺和拟议政策。记忆法：宣言就是计划的“显灵”。

Pressure group – An organisation that tries to influence government policy without seeking office. For example, Greenpeace. ‘Pressure’ applied from outside.

压力集团 – 试图影响政府政策但不谋求官职的组织，如绿色和平。从外部施加“压力”。

Lobbying – The act of trying to persuade MPs or ministers to support a particular cause. ‘Lobby’ – the corridor where you meet politicians.

游说 – 试图说服议员或部长支持特定事业的活动。“大厅”是你与政治家会面的地方。

Insider group – Pressure groups that have direct access and consultations with the government. They are inside the decision-making room.

圈内集团 – 能直接接触政府并进行协商的压力集团。他们就在决策室“里面”。

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7. Rights & Responsibilities | 权利与责任

Human rights – Basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person regardless of nationality, such as the right to life. Often anchored in documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

人权 – 属于每个人的基本权利和自由，如生命权。通常见于《世界人权宣言》等文件。

Civil liberties – Individual freedoms protected from government interference, e.g. freedom of speech, religion. ‘Civil’ – for citizens; liberties – freedoms.

公民自由 – 受保护、不受政府干预的个人自由，如言论自由、信仰自由。“公民”的自由。

Rule of law – The principle that everyone, including government, is subject to the law. No one is above the law – picture a ruler with law books.

法治 – 所有人包括政府都必须遵守法律的原则。无人凌驾于法律之上，联想统治者与法典。

Habeas corpus – A legal order requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a court, protecting against unlawful detention. Latin for ‘you shall have the body’.

人身保护令 – 要求在押者被带上法庭的法律令状，防止非法拘留。拉丁语意为“你必须交出人”。

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8. Law-Making & Legislation | 立法与法律

Bill – A proposal for a new law that must be debated and approved by Parliament. Think of a ‘bill’ as a draft invoice for a law.

法案 – 须经议会辩论和通过的新法提案。联想一张法律草案“账单”。

Green Paper – A government consultation document that invites public discussion before a firm policy is formed. Green for go – early stage.

绿皮书 – 政府征求意见的咨询文件，绿色代表起步阶段。

White Paper – A more detailed document outlining firm government proposals for future legislation. White for final, ready to print.

白皮书 – 列出政府坚定立法建议的详细文件，白色代表定

Published by TutorHao | Year 10 政治 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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