📚 Year 10 Edexcel Science: Core Concepts Revision | Year 10 Edexcel 科学：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 10 Edexcel Science revision guide. This article brings together the essential concepts from biology, chemistry and physics that you need to master for your GCSE course. We explain each key idea clearly and concisely to help you build a solid foundation for exam success.
欢迎阅读 Year 10 Edexcel 科学复习指南。本文汇集了生物、化学和物理学科中你必须掌握的核心概念，帮助你为GCSE课程打下扎实基础。每一个关键知识点都讲解得清晰简洁，助你自信应对考试。
1. Cells and Microscopy | 细胞与显微镜
All living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic building blocks of life. Eukaryotic cells, such as animal and plant cells, have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, do not.
所有生物体都由细胞构成，细胞是生命的基本单位。真核细胞（如动物细胞和植物细胞）具有真正的细胞核和膜包裹的细胞器，而原核细胞（如细菌）则没有。
Plant cells contain a rigid cell wall, a permanent vacuole and chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Animal cells lack these structures but share a cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria.
植物细胞含有坚硬的细胞壁、永久液泡和进行光合作用的叶绿体。动物细胞没有这些结构，但都拥有细胞膜、细胞质和线粒体。
Using a light microscope, we can calculate magnification with the formula: total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification × objective lens magnification. Staining specimens, such as with iodine, makes subcellular structures more visible.
使用光学显微镜时，我们可以用公式计算总放大倍数：总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数。用碘液等对标本进行染色能使亚细胞结构更清晰可见。
total magnification = Meyepiece × Mobjective
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table | 原子与周期表
All substances are made up of atoms. An atom contains a tiny, dense nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons orbiting in shells. The atomic number tells you the number of protons, while the mass number is the total of protons and neutrons.
所有物质都由原子构成。原子包含由质子和中子组成的致密原子核，核外电子在壳层中运动。原子序数表示质子数，质量数是质子数与中子数的总和。
In the periodic table, elements are arranged by increasing atomic number. Vertical groups contain elements with similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. Group 1 elements (alkali metals) are highly reactive, while Group 7 (halogens) and Group 0 (noble gases) show distinct trends.
周期表中，元素按原子序数递增排列。同一主族元素具有相似的化学性质，因为最外层电子数相同。第1族（碱金属）非常活泼，第7族（卤素）和第0族（稀有气体）也展现出各自独特的规律。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. For example, carbon-12 and carbon-14 both have 6 protons, but 6 and 8 neutrons respectively. The relative atomic mass is the weighted average of all isotopes.
同位素是指质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。例如，碳-12和碳-14都有6个质子，但中子数分别为6和8。相对原子质量是所有同位素的加权平均值。
3. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Atoms bond together to achieve a full outer shell of electrons, becoming more stable. Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals where electrons are transferred, forming positive and negative ions that attract each other. Covalent bonding happens when non-metal atoms share pairs of electrons.
原子间通过键合获得满壳层电子以达到稳定状态。离子键发生在金属与非金属之间，电子发生转移，形成正、负离子并相互吸引。共价键则是非金属原子之间共用电子对。
Ionic compounds have a giant lattice structure, high melting points and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved because the ions are free to move. Simple covalent molecules like water (H₂O) have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent structures, such as diamond and graphite, have very high melting points and special properties.
离子化合物具有巨型晶格结构，熔沸点高，熔融或溶于水时能导电，因为离子可自由移动。像水 (H₂O) 这样的简单共价分子熔沸点低且不导电。而金刚石和石墨等巨型共价结构则具有极高的熔点和独特的性质。
Metallic bonding involves a sea of delocalised electrons surrounding positive metal ions, which explains why metals are good conductors and can be bent into shape.
金属键由正金属离子与脱离原子的“电子海”构成，这解释了金属为何能导电、可锻造成形。
4. Energy Conservation and Work | 能量守恒与功
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another. The main energy stores include kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic, thermal, chemical and nuclear energy. Pathways such as heating, mechanical work and electrical work transfer energy.
能量不会凭空产生或消失，只能从一个能量储存转移至另一个。主要的能量储存包括动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能、化学能和核能。加热、做机械功和电功是能量转移的途径。
When a force moves an object, work is done. The equation is: work done = force × distance moved in the direction of the force. Work done transfers energy. For example, lifting a book converts chemical energy in your muscles to gravitational potential energy.
用力使物体移动时就做了功。公式为：功 = 力 × 物体在力的方向上移动的距离。做功伴随着能量转移。例如，举起书本将肌肉中的化学能转化为重力势能。
W = F × d
The gravitational potential energy gained by an object raised through a height is given by: GPE = m × g × h, where g is the gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg on Earth).
物体被举高h时增加的重力势能为：GPE = m × g × h，其中 g 是重力场强（地球上约为 9.8 N/kg）。
GPE = m × g × h
5. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Electric current is the rate of flow of charge. In a metal conductor, the charge carriers are delocalised electrons. Current is measured in amperes (A), and charge in coulombs (C). The relationship is: Q = I × t.
电流是电荷流动的速率。在金属导体中，电荷载体是自由电子。电流以安培 (A) 为单位，电荷以库仑 (C) 为单位。关系式为：Q = I × t。
Q = I × t
In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch is the same, and the total current splits. Ohm’s law links voltage (V), current (I) and resistance (R): V = I × R.
在串联电路中，各处电流相等，总电阻为各电阻之和。在并联电路中，各支路电压相同，总电流分流。欧姆定律将电压 (V)、电流 (I) 和电阻 (R) 连接起来：V = I × R。
V = I × R
Power is the rate of energy transfer. Electrical power can be calculated using: P = I × V or P = E ÷ t. The national grid uses transformers to step up voltage for
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