Year 10 Eduqas Philosophy: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 10年级 Eduqas 哲学：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 Eduqas Philosophy: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 10年级 Eduqas 哲学：关键术语速记指南

Getting to grips with philosophy in Year 10 often means learning a whole new vocabulary. This guide pulls together the essential terms you will meet on the Eduqas specification, and gives you simple memory tricks, word origins and catchy mnemonics to help each concept stick. Whether you are revising for an end-of-topic test or building your long-term understanding, working through these terms in pairs of English and Chinese definitions will make revision feel less like memorising a list and more like unlocking a system of ideas.

在10年级开始学习哲学，往往意味着要掌握一整套全新的词汇。这份指南汇集了Eduqas考纲中你会遇到的核心术语，并提供了简单的记忆技巧、词源分析和朗朗上口的口诀，帮助你把每个概念牢牢记住。无论你是在准备单元测验，还是在构建长期理解，通过英文和中文定义配对的方式梳理这些术语，会让复习不再像死记硬背清单，而更像解锁一个思想体系。

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1. God’s Attributes: The Three ‘Omnis’ | 上帝的属性：三个“全能全知全善”

Omnipotence means all-powerful. Break it down: ‘omni’ (all) + ‘potent’ (power). A memory aid is to think of an ‘omni-battery’ that never runs out. In philosophy, omnipotence is usually understood as the ability to do anything that is logically possible — so God cannot create a square circle, because that is a contradiction, not a limit on power.

全能 (Omnipotence) 指无所不能。拆开来看：‘omni’ 表示全部，‘potent’ 表示力量。可以把它想成一个永远不会耗尽电量的“全能电池”。在哲学中，全能通常被理解为能够做任何逻辑上可能的事——因此上帝不能画一个方形的圆，因为那是矛盾，并不是对能力的限制。

Omniscience means all-knowing. ‘Science’ comes from the Latin scientia (knowledge). So God knows every true proposition — past, present and future. Mnemonic: picture an ‘omni-scientist’ who knows every field of knowledge perfectly.

全知 (Omniscience) 意为无所不知。‘Science’ 源自拉丁语 scientia（知识）。因此上帝知晓每一个真命题——无论过去、现在还是未来。记忆术：想象一个“全知科学家”，完美掌握所有知识领域。

Omnibenevolence means all-loving or all-good. ‘Bene’ means good or well (as in ‘benefit’). A quick link: ‘Omni-Ben’ — a character who only does good, all the time.

全善 (Omnibenevolence) 指全然慈爱或全然良善。‘Bene’ 表示好（如 ‘benefit’）。快记法：‘Omni-Ben’ —— 一个永远只做好事的角色。

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2. The Cosmological Argument: First Cause and Contingency | 宇宙论论证：第一因与偶然性

The Cosmological Argument argues that everything that exists has a cause, and that the chain of causes cannot go back forever. So there must be a First Cause, which is identified as God. A famous version by Thomas Aquinas uses the idea of an ‘Uncaused Cause’. Think of a line of dominoes: if every domino is knocked over by a previous one, but the line is infinite, why did the first domino fall? There must have been a push that started it all.

宇宙论论证主张，一切存在的事物都有其原因，而原因链条不可能无限回溯。因此必然有一个第一因，被视同上帝。托马斯·阿奎那的著名版本使用了“不被推动的推动者”这一概念。想象一排多米诺骨牌：如果每张牌都由前一张推倒，但队伍无限长，那第一张牌为什么会倒？必须有一个最初的推动启动了一切。

Contingency refers to things that depend on something else for their existence. A contingent being might not have existed. The argument then moves from contingent beings to a Necessary Being, which contains its own reason for existence. Quick picture: a lamp is contingent on electricity; a necessary being would be like a self-powered lamp.

偶然性 (Contingency) 指的是那些依赖其他事物而存在的东西。偶然存在物本来是可以不存在的。论证接着从偶然存在物推出必然存在，其存在理由就在自身之中。快速画面：一盏灯依赖电力（偶然）；必然存在则像一盏自带电源的灯。

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3. The Teleological Argument: Design and Order | 目的论论证：设计与秩序

The Teleological Argument (from Greek telos, meaning ‘purpose’) says the universe shows evidence of design, so there must be a designer. William Paley’s watchmaker analogy is the classic example: if you find a watch on a heath, its complexity and purposeful arrangement of parts force you to infer a watchmaker. The same, the argument says, goes for the eye or the whole cosmos.

目的论论证（源自希腊语 telos，意为“目的”）指出宇宙显示出设计的痕迹，因此必定有一位设计者。威廉·佩利的钟表匠类比是经典的例子：如果在荒地上发现一只手表，它的复杂结构和零件的合目的排列会迫使你推断出存在一位钟表匠。论证认为，眼睛或整个宇宙同理。

Key terms: Design qua regularity (order in how things work, like planetary orbits) and design qua purpose (individual parts fitting together for a goal, like the parts of an eye). Mnemonic: think of ‘tele’ as in ‘television’ — showing something with a purpose, so ‘teleo-logical’ is about purpose.

关键术语：规律性设计 (Design qua regularity)（事物运作的秩序，如行星轨道）与目的性设计 (Design qua purpose)（个别部分为达成目标而配合，如眼睛的各部分）。记忆术：把 ‘tele’ 想成 ‘television’（电视）——展现有目的的内容，所以 ‘teleo-logical’ 就是关于目的的学问。

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4. The Ontological Argument: Existence as a Predicate | 本体论论证：存在作为谓词

The Ontological Argument, most famously proposed by Anselm, defines God as ‘that than which nothing greater can be conceived’. It argues that existing in reality is greater than existing only in the mind, so God must exist in reality. The key move is treating existence as a predicate — a property that makes a thing better. Gaunilo’s parody of a ‘perfect island’ challenged whether the same move works for anything.

本体论论证由安瑟伦提出，将上帝定义为“无法想象有比之更伟大的存在”。它主张，在现实中存在比仅存在于理智中更伟大，因此上帝必然在现实中存在。关键一步是把存在当作一个谓词——一种使事物更完善的性质。高尼罗的“完美岛屿”反驳测试了这一步骤是否可以移植到任何事物上。

To remember ‘ontological’, link ‘onto’ to ‘being’ (ontology is the study of being). So the Ontological Argument starts simply from the very concept of God’s being. Think: ‘Onto’ = On-to something higher.

要记住“本体论的”(ontological)，把 ‘onto’ 和“存在/本体”联系起来。所以本体论论证直接从上帝的存在概念出发。联想：‘Onto’ 指踏上更高处。

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5. The Problem of Evil and Theodicies | 恶的问题与神正论

The Problem of Evil challenges the existence of a God who is omnipotent and omnibenevolent. The Inconsistent Triad (attributed to Epicurus) sets up: God is all-powerful, God is all-good, yet evil exists. If God is willing but unable to prevent evil, He is not omnipotent; if able but not willing, He is not omnibenevolent. The sharp contradiction drives the philosophy of religion.

恶的问题对全能全善的上帝存在提出挑战。不一致三联论（归功于伊壁鸠鲁）设定了：上帝全能、上帝全善，却存在恶。如果上帝愿意阻止恶却做不到，祂非全能；如果能做到却不愿，祂非全善。这一尖锐矛盾驱动了宗教哲学。

Two kinds of evil: Moral evil results from human choices (murder, theft); Natural evil comes from nature (earthquakes, diseases). A theodicy is an attempt to justify God in the face of evil. Remember: ‘theo’ + ‘dike’ (justice) — God’s justice. Familiar theodicies include the free will defence and soul-making theodicy.

恶分为两种：道德恶由人的选择造成（谋杀、偷窃）；自然恶来自自然界（地震、疾病）。神正论 (theodicy) 是面对恶而为上帝辩护的尝试。记忆：‘theo’ + ‘dike’（正义）——上帝的正义。常见的神正论包括自由意志辩护和灵魂锻造神正论。

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6. Free Will and Moral Responsibility | 自由意志与道德责任

Free will is the ability to make choices that are not predetermined. In the free will defence, human free will is of such great value that God allows moral evil as its consequence. If we are not genuinely free, our moral actions lose meaning — a robot programmed to do good cannot be praised. The key term moral responsibility relies on free will: we are held accountable only for choices we freely make.

自由意志 (Free will) 是做出并非预先规定的选择的能力。在自由意志辩护中，人类的自由意志具有极高的价值，以至于上帝容许道德恶作为其后果。如果我们并非真正自由，道德行为就失去了意义——一个被编程为善的机器人不值得赞扬。关键术语道德责任依赖于自由意志：我们只对自己自由做出的选择负责。

Philosophers also ask whether free will is compatible with determinism, the idea that all events are caused by prior factors. Remember the ‘tree’ image: a tree falling in a deterministic world was always going to fall; a free agent is like a bird that can change direction mid-flight.

哲学家也探讨自由意志是否与决定论相容——决定论主张一切事件都由先前的因素决定。记住“树”的意象：在决定论的世界里，一棵倒下的树注定要倒；而自由的行动者则像一只半途可以改变方向的鸟。

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7. Ethical Theories: Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Situation Ethics | 伦理理论：功利主义、义务论与情境伦理

Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill) holds that the right action is the one that maximises happiness or pleasure and minimises pain — the Greatest Happiness Principle. Bentham’s hedonic calculus weighs intensity, duration, certainty and other factors. A quick memory hook: ‘utility’ sounds like ‘value, usefulness’, so think: what has the greatest utility for the most people?

功利主义 (Utilitarianism) 支持杰里米·边沁和约翰·斯图尔特·密尔的观点，认为正确的行为是能最大化幸福或快乐、最小化痛苦的那个——即最大幸福原则。边沁的享乐计算权衡强度、持续时间、确定性等因素。快记挂钩：‘utility’ 听起来像“实用”，所以想想：什么对最多人最有实用价值？

Deontology (Immanuel Kant) says duty, not consequences, makes an action right. The Categorical Imperative commands us to act only according to rules that we could will to become universal laws. Memory aid: ‘deon’ comes from the Greek for ‘duty’; think ‘duty-ology’.

义务论 (Deontology)（康德）主张，行为的对错在于义务本身，而非后果。绝对命令要求我们只按能被意愿成为普遍法则的准则行动。记忆辅助：‘deon’ 来自希腊语“义务”；想成“义务之学”。

Situation Ethics (Joseph Fletcher) proposes that only one rule is absolute — agape (selfless love) — and the right action depends pragmatically on the situation. Mnemonic: ‘Sit’ in Situation Ethics can remind you of ‘sitting down to assess the context’.

情境伦理 (Situation Ethics)（约瑟夫·弗莱彻）提出，唯有爱（agape，无私之爱）是绝对规则，正确的行为取决于具体处境。记忆术：情境(Situation)中的‘Sit’提示你‘坐下来分析处境’。

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8. Meta-Ethics: Cognitivism and Non-Cognitivism | 元伦理学：认知主义与非认知主义

Meta-ethics looks at what we are doing when we use moral language. Cognitivism claims moral statements express beliefs that can be true or false. Naturalism (a form of cognitivism) says moral properties are natural properties, like pleasure. Intuitionism (G. E. Moore) argues ‘good’ is a simple, non-natural property known by intuition — Moore defined ‘good’ as indefinable, like the colour yellow.

元伦理学探讨我们使用道德语言时到底在做什么。认知主义主张道德陈述表达了可真可假的信念。自然主义（认知主义的一种）说道德属性就是自然属性，比如快乐。直觉主义（G. E. 摩尔）则认为“善”是一种单纯的非自然属性，通过直觉认识——摩尔说“善”就像黄色那样不可定义。

Non-cognitivism denies that moral statements express factual beliefs. Emotivism (A. J. Ayer) sees them as expressions of emotion: saying ‘Murder is wrong’ is like saying ‘Boo to murder!’ Memory trick: imagine a non-cognitive robot who cannot believe facts about good but can only cheer or boo.

非认知主义否认道德陈述表达了事实信念。情绪主义 (Emotivism)（艾耶尔）视其为情感表达：说“谋杀是错的”就如同说“谋杀，嘘！”记忆技巧：想象一个非认知的机器人，它无法对善恶持有事实信念，却只能喝彩或喝倒彩。

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9. Life After Death: Dualism, Materialism, and Resurrection | 死后生命：二元论、唯物主义与复活

Dualism holds that the mind (or soul) is a non-physical substance distinct from the body. Substance dualism (Descartes) says the soul can exist independently after death. Think of ‘duo’ — two substances. In contrast, materialism claims that mental processes are purely physical; consciousness is a product of brain activity. When the brain dies, so does the mind.

二元论认为心灵（或灵魂）是非物质的实体，与身体分离。实体二元论（笛卡尔）说灵魂可以在死后独立存在。联想‘duo’——两个实体。与之相反，唯物主义主张心理过程纯属物理现象；意识是大脑活动的产物。大脑死亡，心灵也随之死亡。

The doctrine of resurrection affirms that after death God will raise the body and reunite it with the soul, transforming it into a glorified body. For theists, this avoids the dualist difficulty of a disembodied soul and gives full bodily life after death. Mnemonic: ‘re-’ + ‘surge’ (rise again) — like water surging up.

复活教义肯定上帝将在死后使身体复活，与灵魂重新结合，并转化为荣耀的身体。对有神论者而言，这避免了脱离身体的灵魂的困难，并赋予了死后全人的生命。记忆术：‘re-’ + ‘surge’（再次升起）——像水涌起。

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10. Types of Knowledge and Truth | 知识与真理的类型

A priori knowledge is justified independently of experience (e.g., ‘All bachelors are unmarried’). A posteriori knowledge depends on experience (e.g., ‘The cat is on the mat’). To keep them straight, think of ‘post’ (after) experience, and ‘pri’ as ‘prior to’ experience.

先验 (A priori) 知识的辩护独立于经验（如“所有单身汉都未婚”）。后验 (A posteriori) 知识依赖经验（如“猫在垫子上”）。区分诀窍：把 ‘post’ 想成经验之后，把 ‘pri’ 想成经验之先。

Analytic propositions are true by definition (the meaning of the subject contains the predicate). Synthetic propositions add new information not contained in the subject. Necessary truths are true in all possible worlds; contingent truths are true only in this world. Picture a web: analytic statements are tautologies that stay true logically, while synthetic ones are empirical knots that connect to the world.

分析命题据定义即为真（主词的意义包含谓词）。综合命题则添加了主词中未含的新信息。必然真理在所有可能世界为真；偶然真理只在这个世界为真。画一幅网图：分析语句是同语反复，逻辑上始终为真；综合语句则是经验之结，与现实世界相连。

Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com

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