📚 Year 10 Eduqas Politics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering political terminology is essential for success in the Year 10 Eduqas Politics course. This guide provides clear definitions and memory aids for the most important terms you will encounter in your study of UK politics and governance.
掌握政治术语对于在 Year 10 Eduqas 政治课程中取得成功至关重要。本指南为您在学习英国政治与治理过程中将遇到的最重要术语提供了清晰的定义和记忆辅助。
1. Core Democratic Concepts | 民主核心概念
Democracy means ‘rule by the people’. In a representative democracy, citizens elect MPs to make decisions and pass laws on their behalf.
民主意为“人民统治”。在代议制民主中，公民选举议员代表他们作出决策并通过法律。
Direct democracy allows the public to vote directly on specific issues, usually through a referendum. The 2016 Brexit vote is a key example.
直接民主允许公众直接对特定议题投票，通常通过全民公投进行。2016 年英国脱欧投票就是一个重要例子。
Legitimacy is the right of a government or institution to exercise authority, often earned through free and fair elections.
合法性是指政府或机构行使权力的权利，通常通过自由公正的选举获得。
Accountability means that those in power must explain their actions and can be held responsible by the electorate or by Parliament.
问责制意味着掌权者必须解释其行为，并可能受到选民或议会的追究。
Memory aid: Think of ‘demo’ = people, ‘cracy’ = rule. Use the DALLAS initials: Democracy, Accountability, Legitimacy, Liberty, Authority, Sovereignty.
记忆辅助：联想“demo” = 人民，“cracy” = 统治。使用首字母 DALLAS：民主、问责、合法性、自由、权威、主权。
2. The UK Constitution | 英国宪法
A constitution is the set of rules and principles that define how a state is governed. The UK constitution is unusual because it is uncodified, meaning it is not written in a single document.
宪法是界定国家如何治理的一整套规则和原则。英国宪法与众不同，它是非成文宪法，即不是写在同一份文件里。
Unitary state describes a system where most power is held by the central government in Westminster rather than by regional governments.
单一制国家指的是大部分权力掌握在威斯敏斯特中央政府手中，而非地区政府的体制。
Parliamentary sovereignty is a cornerstone principle: Parliament can make or repeal any law and no other body can override it.
议会主权是一项基石原则：议会可以制定或废除任何法律，其他机构无权推翻。
The rule of law ensures everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and that laws are clear, publicised, and fairly enforced.
法治确保人人（包括政府）都受法律约束，法律清晰、公布并得到公正执行。
Memory trick: For parliamentary sovereignty, picture the Queen/King reading ‘No one can say no to our Acts of Parliament’. The UK constitution is like a pizza with many toppings (statute law, common law, conventions) but no single base document.
记忆窍门：对于议会主权，想象女王/国王宣读“没人能对国会法令说不”。英国宪法就像一张铺满配料（成文法、普通法、惯例）的披萨，却没有一张单一的底饼。
3. Parliament: Commons and Lords | 议会：下院与上院
The House of Commons is the elected lower chamber. Its 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) represent constituencies, debate issues, and approve legislation.
下议院是经选举产生的下院。650 名议员代表各自选区，辩论议题并批准立法。
The House of Lords is the unelected upper chamber, made up of life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers. It revises and scrutinises bills but cannot permanently block them.
上议院是非选举产生的上院，由终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成。它修订和审查法案，但不能永久否决。
A backbencher is an MP who does not hold a ministerial or shadow ministerial role. They sit behind the front benches in the Commons.
后座议员是指不担任部长或影子部长职务的议员。他们在下院坐在前座议员的身后。
Whips are party officials who ensure MPs vote according to the party line. A ‘three-line whip’ is a strict instruction to attend and vote as ordered.
党鞭是确保议员按照政党路线投票的党务官。“三线党鞭”是一项要求出席并遵照命令投票的严厉指令。
Memory clue: Commons = Common people’s elected house. Lords = Lords in robes (unelected). Think of the whip as a real whip that ‘keeps MPs in line’.
记忆线索：Commons = 平民选出的院。Lords = 穿长袍的贵族（非选举）。把党鞭想象成一根真的鞭子，让议员“保持队形”。
4. The Prime Minister and Cabinet | 首相与内阁
The Prime Minister (PM) is the head of government, usually the leader of the political party with the most seats in the Commons. They appoint ministers and chair the Cabinet.
首相是政府首脑，通常是下院中拥有最多席位政党的领袖。他们任命大臣并主持内阁会议。
The Cabinet consists of senior ministers chosen by the PM to head major departments such as the Treasury, Home Office, or Foreign Office. Together they make key policy decisions.
内阁由首相挑选的高级大臣组成，领导财政部、内政部、外交部等重要部门。他们共同制定关键政策。
The concept of collective ministerial responsibility means that once a decision is made, all Cabinet members must publicly support it or resign.
集体内阁责任制原则意味着，一旦作出决定，所有内阁成员必须公开支持，否则辞职。
Individual ministerial responsibility means each minister is responsible for the conduct of their department and should resign if serious mistakes occur.
个人大臣责任制意味着每位大臣都要为其部门的行为负责，若出现严重错误则应辞职。
Remember: PM = ‘Please Manage’. Cabinet = a ‘room of mates’ who must all speak with one voice. Use ‘CRI’ for the two types of responsibility: Collective and Individual.
记住：PM = “请管理(Please Manage)”。内阁 = 必须统一口径的“一屋子伙伴”。用“CRI”记忆两种责任制：集体和个人。
5. The Judiciary and Courts | 司法与法院
The judiciary refers to judges and courts that interpret and apply the law. They are independent from the government and Parliament.
司法机构指解释和适用法律的法官与法院。他们独立于政府与议会。
Judicial independence is the principle that judges must be free from political interference. Their salaries are paid automatically, and they cannot be easily dismissed.
司法独立是指法官必须免受政治干预的原则。他们的薪资自动发放，且不能被轻易罢免。
Judicial review is a process where a judge examines whether a public body has acted lawfully and fairly. It can challenge government decisions, but not strike down Acts of Parliament.
司法复核是法官审查公共机构行为是否合法与公正的程序。它可以挑战政府决策，但不能推翻国会法令。
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the UK, established in 2009. It hears appeals on points of law of the greatest public importance.
最高法院是英国最高级别的法院，设立于 2009 年。它审理具有重大公共意义的法律问题上诉。
Memory hack: Judge Judy reviews legality. UK courts cannot say the law is invalid because of parliamentary sovereignty, but they can check if the government followed the correct procedure. Think of the Supreme Court as the ‘final referee’.
记忆妙招：法官朱迪（Judge Judy）在复核合法性。英国法院不能因为议会主权就说法律无效，但可以检查政府是否遵循了正确程序。把最高法院想象成“终局裁判”。
6. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
First Past the Post (FPTP) is the system used for UK general elections. The candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins a seat. It usually leads to strong majority governments but can produce disproportional results.
简单多数制是英国大选使用的制度。每个选区得票最多的候选人赢得一个席位。它通常产生多数党政府，但可能导致得票与席位不成比例。
Proportional representation (PR) is an alternative voting system where the number of seats a party wins closely matches its share of the vote. The UK uses forms of PR for Scottish Parliament and Welsh Senedd elections.
比例代表制是一种替代投票制度，政党赢得的席位数与其得票份额紧密匹配。英国在苏格兰议会和威尔士议会选举中使用了某种比例代表制形式。
A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific question. Examples include the 2014 Scottish independence referendum and the 2016 EU membership referendum.
全民公投是全体选民对特定问题进行的直接投票。例子包括 2014 年苏格兰独立公投和 2016 年欧盟成员身份公投。
Suffrage means the right to vote. Universal suffrage was gradually achieved in the UK, with women gaining equal voting rights in 1928.
选举权意味着投票权。英国逐步实现了普选权，女性于 1928 年获得了平等的投票权。
Quick recall: FPTP = ‘Fastest Past the Post’ wins. PR = ‘Proportional Reflection’ of votes. Suffrage comes from the Latin ‘suffragium’ (vote). Think of the suffragettes who fought for women’s votes.
快速记忆：FPTP = 最快冲过杆子的人赢。PR = 票数的“等比例反映”。Suffrage 源自拉丁语“suffragium”（投票）。想想那些为女性争取投票权的妇女参政论者。
7. Political Parties and Ideology | 政党与意识形态
A political party is an organised group that seeks to win elections and form a government based on shared principles and policies.
政党是寻求赢得选举并基于共同原则和政策组建政府的有组织的团体。
Manifesto is a document published by a party before an election, setting out its promises and planned policies if it wins power.
宣言是政党在大选前发布的文件，阐明如果胜选将作出的承诺和计划实施的政策。
Mandate is the authority given to a party or PM by the electorate to carry out manifesto commitments. A large majority is often seen as a strong mandate.
授权是选民赋予政党或首相落实宣言承诺的权力。大比数多数席位常被视为强有力的授权。
Left wing generally supports greater economic equality, higher public spending, and a larger role for the state. The Labour Party traditionally leans left.
左翼通常支持更平等的经济、更高的公共开支以及国家发挥更大作用。工党传统上偏向左翼。
Right wing generally values individual liberty, free markets, lower taxes, and a smaller state. The Conservative Party is typically on the right.
右翼通常重视个人自由、自由市场、低税收和小政府。保守党通常属于右翼。
Memory link: Manifesto = ‘manifesto’ sounds like ‘man if I stoop’ — stick to your promises. Left = level the field, Right = rights of the individual. Remember the two big parties: Labour (union roots) and Conservative (tradition).
记忆链接：Manifesto 听起来像“man if I stoop”（弯腰承诺）。左 = 拉平竞争环境，右 = 个人权利。记住两大党：工党（工会根基）和保守党（传统）。
8. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府
Devolution refers to the transfer of certain powers from the UK Parliament to regional bodies, such as the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Senedd, and Northern Ireland Assembly.
权力下放是指将某些权力从英国议会移交给地方机构的做法，例如苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和北爱尔兰议会。
Reserved powers are those kept by Westminster, such as defence, foreign affairs, and fiscal policy. Devolved areas include education, health, and transport.
保留权力是由威斯敏斯特保留的权力，如国防、外交和财政政策。下放领域包括教育、卫生和交通。
Local government consists of councils and elected mayors that run services like waste collection, planning, and social care. They raise some funds through council tax.
地方政府由提供垃圾收集、规划和社会照护等服务的议会和直选市长组成。他们通过市政税筹集部分资金。
Combined authority is a recent structure where several councils collaborate, often with a directly elected mayor, to coordinate transport, skills, and economic development.
联合管理局是近年出现的一种结构，由数个议会协作，通常有一位直选市长，以协调交通、技能和经济发展。
Way to remember: Devo-lution = ‘devolution devolves power down’. Reserved = ‘Westminster says “reserved for me”‘. Councils take care of your bins and parks — think ‘local bins, local wins’.
记忆方法：Devo-lution = “权力下放，权力往下走”。保留 = “威斯敏斯特说‘归我保留’”。议会负责你的垃圾桶和公园——想想“本地垃圾桶，本地赢”。
9. Pressure Groups and Participation | 压力团体与政治参与
Pressure groups are organisations that try to influence government policy without seeking election. They can be insider (consulted regularly) or outsider (use protests and media).
压力团体是试图影响政府政策但不寻求当选的组织。它们可以是内部者（经常被咨询）或外部者（使用抗议和媒体施压）。
Sectional groups represent a specific section of society, such as trade unions (workers) or the British Medical Association (doctors). They aim to protect members’ interests.
部门性团体代表社会的特定部分，如工会（工人）或英国医学协会（医生）。它们旨在保护成员利益。
Promotional groups campaign for a particular cause, like Greenpeace (environment) or Age UK (older people). They seek to benefit society as a whole.
倡导性团体为特定事业而开展活动，如绿色和平组织（环境）或 Age UK（老年人）。它们旨在造福整个社会。
Lobbying is the practice of approaching MPs, ministers, or civil servants to persuade them to support a particular policy or interest.
游说是指接触议员、大臣或公务员，说服他们支持某项特定政策或利益的做法。
Memory tip: Pressure groups are like “persuaders without party hats”. Sectional = self-interested, Promotional = planet/people goals. Lobbying happens in the ‘lobby’ of Parliament — think of a lobbyist waiting with a briefcase.
记忆提示：压力团体就像“不戴党派帽子的说服者”。部门性 = 自身利益，倡导性 = 地球/人民的利益。游说发生在议会的“大厅（lobby）”里——想象一位游说者拿着公文包在等待。
10. Key Government Bodies and Officials | 关键政府机构与官员
The Civil Service is a politically neutral body that implements government policies. Civil servants are permanent employees who work for any government, regardless of party.
公务员队伍是政治上中立的机构，负责执行政府政策。公务员是终身雇员，为任何政党执政的政府服务。
A select committee is a cross-party group of MPs that scrutinises the work of a specific government department. They gather evidence and publish reports.
特别委员会是由跨党派议员组成的小组，负责审查特定政府部门的工作。他们收集证据并发布报告。
The Speaker of the House of Commons is the MP elected to chair debates, maintain order, and represent the Commons. The Speaker must be politically impartial.
下议院议长是经选举产生、主持辩论、维持秩序并代表下院的议员。议长必须在政治上保持公正。
The Opposition is the second-largest party in the Commons, led by the Leader of the Opposition. Its role is to challenge the government and present an alternative.
反对党是下院中第二大党，由反对党领袖领导。其职责是挑战政府并提出替代方案。
Recall shortcut: Civil Service = ‘serve any master neutrally’. Select committee = ‘selects a topic and inspects’. Speaker holds ‘speaks only to order’. The Opposition’s job is to ‘oppose’.
快速记忆：公务员 = “中立地服务任何主人”。特别委员会 = “选定一个专题并检查”。议长“只为秩序发言”。反对党的工作就是“反对”。
11. Revision and Memory Hacks for Politics Terms | 政治术语的复习与记忆技巧
Create flashcards with the term on one side and the definition plus an image on the other. Use the Leitner box method to prioritise difficult words.
制作一面写有术语、另一面写有定义和图画的抽认卡。使用莱特纳盒子法优先复习难词。
Make up mnemonics or stories. For example, to recall the difference between sectional and promotional groups, picture a section of an orange (sectional = narrow interest) and a promotional poster for saving the planet (cause).
自编助记口诀或故事。例如，要记住部门性团体和倡导性团体的区别，可以想象一瓣橙子（部门性 = 狭隘的利益）和一张拯救地球的宣传海报（事业）。
Practise explaining terms to a friend or family member. If you can teach a concept simply, you have understood it well. Focus on common Eduqas exam keywords such as ‘legitimacy’, ‘sovereignty’, ‘mandate’, and ‘accountability’.
练习向朋友或家人解释术语。如果能简单地把概念教给别人，就说明你已经掌握了。重点关注 Eduqas 常见考试关键词，如“合法性”、“主权”、“授权”和“问责制”。
Link each term to a real-life news story. For instance, when you hear about a government defeat in the House of Lords, recall terms like ‘scrutiny’, ‘parliamentary ping-pong’, and ‘unwritten constitution’. This builds long-term memory.
将每个术语与现实新闻故事联系起来。例如，当听到政府在上议院遭遇挫败时，回想“审查”、“议会乒乓”和“不成文宪法”等术语。这可以建立长期记忆。
Final tip: Write your own glossary in a small notebook, dividing terms by topic. Colour-code categories: red for constitution, blue for elections, green for participation. Review it on the bus or just before lessons.
最终提示：将术语按主题分类，写在一本小词汇手册里。用颜色编码：红色代表宪法，蓝色代表选举，绿色代表参与。在公交车上或课前拿出来复习。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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