📚 Year 10 Eduqas Sociology: Key Terminology Quick Guide | 10年级 Eduqas 社会学：关键词汇速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate quick guide for mastering the essential sociological terms required for the Year 10 Eduqas Sociology course. Building a confident sociological vocabulary is the first step towards analysing society, supporting arguments with evidence and achieving top marks in your assessments. This guide pairs every concept with memory tricks and Chinese translations to make revision faster and more effective.
欢迎使用这份为 10 年级 Eduqas 社会学课程量身打造的终极词汇速记指南。建立起信手拈来的社会学术语库，是你分析社会、用论据支撑观点并在测评中斩获高分的第一步。本指南为每一个概念都配对了记忆技巧和中文释义，让你的复习变得更快、更有效。
1. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Culture describes the whole way of life of a society, including its language, beliefs, customs, dress and material goods. Think of it as a society’s ‘personality’ or an iceberg: visible elements like food and fashion sit above the water, while deep values and beliefs lie hidden underneath.
文化 描述的是一个社会的整个生活方式，包括它的语言、信仰、习俗、服饰和物质产品。你可以把它想象成一个社会的’性格’，或一座冰山：饮食、时尚等可见元素浮在水面之上，而深层的价值观与信念则隐藏在水下。
Norms are the unwritten rules that govern behaviour in specific situations. They are the ‘social scripts’ we learn without being formally taught, such as saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ or waiting in a queue. A helpful memory trick is to link norms to ‘normal’ – they define what is considered normal, expected conduct.
规范 是管理特定情境下行为的不成文规则。它们是我们未经正式传授就学会的’社会剧本’，比如常说’请’和’谢谢’，或排队等候。一个有效的记忆技巧是把规范跟’正常’联系在一起——它们界定了什么被认为是正常的、意料之中的行为。
Values are the deeply held, general beliefs about what is good, desirable and worthwhile. They act like a moral compass guiding norms. For example, the British value of privacy gives rise to norms like knocking before entering a room. Use the ‘V compass’ image: values point the direction, norms draw the map.
价值观 是关于什么是好的、可取的且有价值的深层普遍信念。它们如同道德指南针，指引着规范。例如，英国人对隐私的重视产生了进门前先敲门这类规范。可使用’V 指南针’图像：价值观指明方向，规范绘制路线图。
Cultural relativism means judging a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of another culture. Avoid ethnocentrism—the belief that one’s own culture is superior. A simple reminder: ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do’ captures the essence of sociological relativism.
文化相对主义 指按照一个文化自身的标准来评判它，而不是透过其他文化的镜片看待它。要避免种族中心主义——即认为自己的文化高人一等。一个简单的提示：’入乡随俗’抓住了社会学相对主义的精髓。
2. Socialisation: Primary and Secondary | 社会化：初级与次级
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the culture of one’s society, including norms, values and roles. It is how we transform from biological beings into social actors. To remember, think of it as ‘social-isation’—being made social.
社会化 是学习自己社会文化（包括规范、价值观与角色）的终身过程。我们正是通过它从生物个体转变为社会行动者。记忆时可将其看作 ‘social-isation’——变得社会化。
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly through the family. It shapes basic language, morality and identity. The mnemonic ‘F-I-S-H’ (Family, Instils, Speech, Habits) can help: the family instils speech and habits during the first years of life.
初级社会化 发生在幼年时期，主要通过家庭完成。它塑造了基本的语言、道德和身份认同。助记口诀 ‘F-I-S-H’（家庭、灌输、言语、习惯）能帮到你：家庭在生命最初几年灌输言语和习惯。
Secondary socialisation continues throughout life via agents such as education, peer groups, the media and religion. These agents refine and challenge earlier learning. Use ‘Every Person Matters’: Education, Peer groups and Media as the main secondary agents.
次级社会化 贯穿人的一生，通过教育、同辈群体、媒体和宗教等中介进行。这些中介会修正并挑战早期所学。可用 ‘Every Person Matters’（教育、同辈群体、媒体）记住主要次级媒介。
Sociologists also study feral children—children raised in isolation from human contact. Their inability to fully acquire language or social skills underscores the critical importance of nurture. Cases like Genie or Victor demonstrate that missed socialisation windows cannot easily be recovered.
社会学家也会研究 野孩子——那些在与人类隔绝中长大的儿童。他们无法完全习得语言或社交技能，凸显了教养的关键作用。吉妮或维克多等案例表明，错过社会化窗口期很难弥补。
3. Nature vs Nurture Debate | 天性与教养之辩
The nature argument claims that human behaviour is largely determined by biological factors, such as genetics and hormones. This view is often called biological determinism. For example, some argue that maternal instincts are innate rather than learned.
天性论点 主张人类行为主要由生物因素决定，如基因与激素。这种观点常被称为生物决定论。例如，有人认为母性本能是天生的，而非后天习得的。
The nurture argument insists that we are products of our environment and social learning. Sociologists emphasise that even emotions we consider natural, like romantic love, are shaped by culture and socialisation. Remember: nurture turns the ‘raw material’ of the human infant into a social person.
教养论点 则坚称我们是环境与社会学习的产物。社会学家强调，即便是我们认为自然而然的情绪，如浪漫的爱情，也是由文化和社会化塑造的。记住：教养将人类婴儿的’原材料’转变成一个社会人。
Most sociologists take an interactionist approach, recognising that nature provides certain potentials, but it is nurture that activates and channels them. Think of it as ‘biology sets the stage, socialisation writes the script’.
多数社会学家采取 互动论取向，承认天性提供了一定的潜能，但正是教养激活并引导了它们。可视为’生物学搭建舞台，社会化书写剧本’。
4. Status: Ascribed and Achieved | 地位：先赋与自致
Status refers to the social position a person holds within a group or society. It comes with a set of expectations about how to behave. Sociologists distinguish between two main types: ascribed and achieved.
地位 指个人在群体或社会中占据的社会位置。它伴有一整套关于如何行事的行为期待。社会学家将其分为两种主要类型：先赋地位与自致地位。
Ascribed status is fixed at birth or assigned later in life without the individual’s choice, such as ‘son’, ‘princess’ or ‘teenager’. These statuses are often tied to biological traits or family background. The clue is in the prefix ‘a-‘ (not) – it is not achieved; it is simply given.
先赋地位 在出生时即被固定或在往后生活中未经个人选择而赋予，例如’儿子’、’公主’或’青少年’。这些地位常与生物特征或家庭背景相关。记忆线索在于前缀 ‘a-‘ （非）——它不是靠取得而来，而是直接被给予。
Achieved status results from personal effort, skill, talent or choice. Becoming a doctor, a footballer or a criminal are all achieved statuses. Remind yourself: any status you can ‘achieve’ through a certificate or competition win is achieved. However, note that a so-called ‘master status’—the dominant label that overrides all others—can be either ascribed or achieved.
自致地位 源自个人努力、技能、才能或选择。成为医生、足球运动员或罪犯都是自致地位。提醒自己：凡是你能通过一纸证书或竞赛优胜而’取得’的地位，都是自致地位。不过要注意，所谓的’首要地位’——压倒所有其他标签的主导地位——可能是先赋的，也可能是自致的。
Status inconsistency occurs when an individual holds multiple statuses that clash, such as a highly educated person working in a low-paid job. This concept from Max Weber helps explain experiences of social tension.
地位不一致 发生在个人拥有多个相互冲突的地位时，例如一个受过高等教育的人却从事低薪工作。这一马克斯·韦伯提出的概念有助于解释社会紧张的经历。
5. Roles, Role Conflict and Role Models | 角色、角色冲突与榜样
A role is the expected pattern of behaviour associated with a particular status. If status is the ‘position’, role is the ‘performance’. Society hands us a script for each status we occupy—pupil, sibling, friend.
角色 是与特定地位相关联的预期行为模式。如果说地位是’职位’，角色就是’表演’。社会为我们所占据的每一个地位——学生、兄弟姐妹、朋友——都递上一份脚本。
Role conflict happens when the demands of two or more roles are incompatible. A classic example is a working parent who must attend a child’s school play while facing a work deadline. Remember ‘conflicting clocks’: you cannot be in two places at once.
角色冲突 指两个或以上角色的要求互不相容。一个典型例子是双职工父母必须在孩子学校演出和工作截止期之间做选择。记住’冲突的时钟’：你不可能同时出现在两个地方。
Role strain refers to tension within a single role when expectations are hard to satisfy. A student experiencing role strain might feel pressure to be both popular and academically excellent. Visualise a single role being stretched like an elastic band.
角色紧张 指单个角色内部难以满足期待时产生的张力。感到角色紧张的学生可能会为了既受欢迎又成绩优异而倍感压力。可以形象地想象一根被拉扯的橡皮筋。
A role model is a person whose behaviour in a particular role is copied or admired. During secondary socialisation, peers and media figures frequently become powerful role models. Ask yourself: ‘Who do I admire and imitate?’—that person is serving as your role model.
榜样 是在某个角色中行为被效仿或欣赏的人。在次级社会化中，同辈和媒体人物常成为强有力的榜样。问问自己：’我欣赏并模仿谁？’——那个人就在充当你的榜样。
6. Identity: Personal and Social | 身份认同：个人与社会
Identity is our sense of self, shaped by both personal characteristics and group memberships. It is not fixed but continuously negotiated through social interaction. Sociologists see identity as a bridge between the individual and society.
身份认同 是我们的自我感知，由个人特征和群体归属共同塑造。它不是固定不变的，而是在社会互动中不断协商形成的。社会学家将身份视作个人与社会之间的桥梁。
Personal identity refers to the unique sense of ‘who I am’ based on individual traits, experiences and choices. It includes aspects such as intelligence, hobbies and temperament. Think of a fingerprint: no two personal identities are exactly alike.
个人身份 指基于个体特质、经历和选择而形成的独特’我是谁’的感受。它包括智力、爱好和气质等方面。把它想象成指纹：没有哪两个人的个人身份是完全相同的。
Social identity derives from group memberships, such as nationality, ethnicity, class, gender or subculture. It is the ‘we’ dimension of self-image. Tajfel and Turner’s Social Identity Theory shows that we categorise ourselves into in-groups and out-groups, which boosts self-esteem but can fuel prejudice.
社会身份 来自群体归属，如国籍、种族、阶级、性别或亚文化。它是自我形象的’我们’维度。泰弗尔与特纳的社会认同理论表明，我们会将自己归类为内群体和外群体，这能提升自尊，但也可能激发偏见。
The labelling theory, associated with Becker and Lemert, explains how identities can be shaped by the labels others attach to us. If a student is repeatedly labelled as ‘troublesome’, they may internalise that label and act accordingly—a self-fulfilling prophecy. Memory hook: ‘Labels stick, and they can become self-portraits.’
标签理论 与贝克尔和莱默特相关，它解释了他人的标签如何塑造我们的身份。如果一个学生反复被贴上’捣蛋鬼’的标签，他可能会内化该标签，并相应地行事——这就成了自我实现的预言。记忆钩子：’标签会黏住，并且可能变成自画像。’
7. Social Control: Formal and Informal | 社会控制：正式与非正式
Social control encompasses all the mechanisms society uses to regulate individual and group behaviour, ensuring conformity and order. Without it, social life would descend into chaos—what sociologists call anomie, a state of normlessness.
社会控制 包含社会用来规训个人与群体行为、确保顺从与秩序的所有机制。没有它，社会生活就会陷入混乱——即社会学家所说的失范，一种无规范的混乱状态。
Formal social control is based on written rules and official institutions such as the police, courts, prisons and government. Sanctions are imposed deliberately and systematically, e.g. fines, imprisonment, exclusion from school. Link the word ‘formal’ to ‘official forms’: formal sanctions come with official paperwork.
正式社会控制 建立在成文规则和官方机构之上，如警察、法院、监狱和政府。制裁是有计划、系统性地实施的，例如罚款、监禁、开除学籍。把’正式’与’官方表格’联系起来：正式制裁总伴随着官方文件。
Informal social control operates through face-to-face interactions, gossip, ridicule, praise or the fear of being shamed. Family, friends and community enforce norms without written laws. To recall this, think of how your parents’ disappointed look or your mates’ laughter can control your behaviour far more instantly than a police officer.
非正式社会控制 通过面对面的互动、流言、嘲笑、表扬或被羞辱的恐惧来运作。家庭、朋友和社区在没有成文法律的情况下执行规范。要记住这一点，想一想父母失望的眼神或同伴的笑声如何比警察更即时地约束你的行为。
Deviance refers to any behaviour that violates society’s norms. It is relative: what is deviant in one culture or time period may be acceptable in another. The key insight is that deviance is not inherently ‘bad’ but is defined by social reaction. A memorable student quip: ‘Deviance is simply difference that got caught.’
越轨 指任何违反社会规范的行为。它是相对的：在一种文化或时期中被视为越轨的，在另一背景下可能被接受。核心洞见是，越轨并非天生就是’坏的’，而是由社会反应来界定的。学生中一句俏皮话说道：’越轨不过是被人逮到的差异。’
8. Social Stratification and Life Chances | 社会分层与生活机会
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society based on factors like class, gender, ethnicity and age. It is like the layers of a cake—some layers have more resources, power and prestige than others. Sociologists ask: who gets what, and why?
社会分层 是基于阶级、性别、种族和年龄等因素对社会中个人与群体进行的层级化排列。它就像蛋糕的层次——某些层拥有比其他层更多的资源、权力和声望。社会学家追问的是：谁得到了什么，又为何如此？
Social class typically refers to a group sharing similar economic position, often measured by occupation, income and wealth. The Registrar General’s scale or the NS-SEC classification are used in official statistics. Use the acronym ‘JOB’: Job type, Opportunity, Bank balance to remember class indicators.
社会阶级 通常指拥有相似经济地位的群体，往往通过职业、收入和财富来衡量。官方统计中采用总登记官等级或 NS-SEC 分类。可用缩写 ‘JOB’ 来记忆阶级指标：Job 职业类型, Opportunity 机会, Bank balance 银行存款。
Life chances, a concept from Max Weber, describes the opportunities an individual has to enjoy economic and social goods, such as good health, education and housing. These chances are heavily structured by class, gender and ethnicity. A powerful memory phrase: ‘Your postcode shapes your prospects more than your potential.’
生活机会，源自马克斯·韦伯的概念，指个人享有经济与社会产品（如良好的健康、教育和住房）的机会。这些机会很大程度上由阶级、性别和种族所建构。一个强有力的记忆短句：’你的邮政编码比你的潜力更能决定你的前景。’
Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups between different social positions. Vertical mobility can be upward (moving to a higher class) or downward (falling to a lower class). Intergenerational mobility compares children’s class to that of their parents. To keep it visual: imagine an escalator—some ride up effortlessly, others are pushed down.
社会流动 是个人或群体在不同社会位置之间的移动。垂直流动可能是向上流动（升至较高阶级）或向下流动（降至较低阶级）。代际流动将子女的阶级与父母的阶级相比较。将其形象化：想象一部自动扶梯——有些人轻松上升，有些人却被往下推。
9. Gender, Patriarchy and Socialisation | 性别、父权制与社会化
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women, as distinct from biological sex. Recognising the difference between sex (biology) and gender (culture) is fundamental in sociology. A quick rhyme: ‘Sex is between the legs, gender is between the ears.’
性别 指一个社会认为适合男性与女性的、由社会建构的角色、行为和属性，有别于生理性别。区分生理性别（生物）与社会性别（文化）是社会学的基础。记住一句顺口溜：’生理在两腿之间，性别在两耳之间。’
Patriarchy describes a social system where men hold primary power and dominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority and control of property. Feminist sociologists argue that patriarchy is sustained through socialisation and institutional discrimination. The word ‘patri’ (father) reminds us that it literally means ‘rule of the father’.
父权制 描述的一种社会制度：男性拥有主要权力，并在政治领导、道德权威和财产控制方面占据支配地位。女性主义社会学家认为，父权制是通过社会化和制度性歧视得以维系的。词根 ‘patri’（父亲）提醒我们，它字面上就是’父亲的统治’。
Ann Oakley identified four key ways in which gender socialisation happens in the family: manipulation (rewarding gendered behaviour), canalisation (channelling children towards gendered toys and activities), verbal appellations (using gendered language like ‘handsome’ vs ‘pretty’) and different activity exposure (encouraging different domestic tasks). Use the mnemonic ‘MCVA’ to recall these processes.
安·奥克利指出了家庭中性别社会化发生的四种关键方式：操控（奖励符合性别期待的行为）、渠化（引导儿童走向性别化玩具和活动）、语言标签（使用如’英俊’与’漂亮’等性别化语言）以及不同活动参与（鼓励不同的家务任务）。可用助记符 ‘MCVA’ 回顾这些过程。
The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching top positions, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. Even in societies with formal equality laws, subtle bias and organisational culture maintain gender inequality at
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