📚 Year 10 OCR Biology: Glossary & Terminology Memory Guide | Year 10 OCR 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering OCR GCSE Biology starts with a rock-solid understanding of key terminology. This guide breaks down the most important terms across the Year 10 syllabus, pairing each concept with a memory trick to help you recall definitions quickly and confidently in your exams.
掌握OCR GCSE生物从扎实理解关键术语开始。本指南分解了Year 10教学大纲中最重要的术语，为每个概念搭配记忆窍门，帮助你在考试中快速自信地回忆定义。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
Cells are the basic building blocks of life. To nail your OCR exam, you must know the key organelles and their jobs. Here are the must-know terms with mnemonics to lock them in your memory.
细胞是生命的基本单位。要在OCR考试中脱颖而出，你必须掌握关键细胞器及其功能。以下必记术语配合助记法，让你牢牢记在脑中。
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell, containing DNA organised into chromosomes. Think of it as the cell’s ‘brain’ or ‘command room’. Memory: ‘Nucleus’ shares its root with ‘nuclear’, both pointing to the core.
细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含有组织成染色体的DNA。把它想象成细胞的“大脑”或“指挥室”。记忆：“nucleus”与“核”一样，指向核心。
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance filling the cell, where most chemical reactions occur. The word splits into ‘cyto’ (cell) and ‘plasm’ (fluid). Picture a swimming pool in which all the organelles float.
细胞质：充满细胞的果冻状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生。这个词拆分为“cyto”（细胞）和“plasm”（浆液）。想象一个所有细胞器都在其中漂浮的游泳池。
Mitochondria (plural): The site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy for the cell. Often called the ‘powerhouse’. Mnemonic: ‘Mighty mitochondria’ – mighty in energy production.
线粒体（复数）：有氧呼吸的场所，为细胞释放能量。常被称为“发电站”。记忆法：“强大的线粒体”——能量制造能力强大。
Ribosomes: Tiny structures that synthesise proteins. They are either free in the cytoplasm or bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum. Memory tip: ‘Ribo’ sounds like ‘ribs’ – small but essential support for the cell.
核糖体：合成蛋白质的微小结构，游离在细胞质中或附着在粗面内质网上。记忆技巧：“ribosome”像“肋骨”，虽小却是细胞必不可少的支架。
Cell membrane: A selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Analogous to a ‘gatekeeper’ or ‘border control’.
细胞膜：选择透过性屏障，控制物质进出细胞。类似于“守门人”或“边境管制”。
Cell wall (plant cells only): Made of cellulose, it provides structural support and maintains shape. Remember: a rigid ‘wall’ that gives the plant cell its fixed, box-like shape.
细胞壁（仅植物细胞）：由纤维素构成，提供结构支撑并维持形状。记住：坚硬的“壁”，让植物细胞保持固定的方盒形状。
Chloroplasts (plant cells): Contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. ‘Chloro’ means green, ‘plast’ means particle. Memo: Green chlorophyll traps light energy.
叶绿体（植物细胞）：含叶绿素，进行光合作用。“chloro”表示绿色，“plast”表示颗粒。记忆：绿色叶绿素捕捉光能。
Permanent vacuole (plant cells): A large, fluid-filled sac storing cell sap and maintaining turgor pressure. Think ‘vacuum’ packed with liquid that pushes against the cell wall.
中央大液泡（植物细胞）：一个大型充满液体的囊，储存细胞液并维持膨压。想象一个装满液体的“真空”袋，向外推挤细胞壁。
2. Microscopy and Magnification | 显微技术与放大率
Microscopes allow us to view structures invisible to the naked eye. OCR expects you to compare light and electron microscopes and to calculate magnifications with confidence.
显微镜让我们看到肉眼不可见的结构。OCR要求你比较光学显微镜和电子显微镜，并自信地计算放大率。
Light microscope: Uses visible light and lenses to magnify specimens. Relatively low resolution and magnification, but can view living cells. Mnemonic: ‘Light’ – you can see living things.
光学显微镜：使用可见光和透镜放大标本。分辨率与放大率相对较低，但可以观察活细胞。记忆：“光”——可以看到活的。
Electron microscope: Uses a beam of electrons for much higher magnification and resolution. Specimens must be dead and in a vacuum. Memory hook: ‘Electron’ gives ‘extreme’ detail.
电子显微镜：使用电子束，具有高得多的放大率和分辨率。标本必须是无生命的并置于真空中。记忆窍门：“电子”提供“极致”细节。
Magnification: How many times larger an image appears compared to the real object. The key formula:
放大率：图像比实物大的倍数。关键公式：
Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size
放大率 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小
Total magnification of a microscope is also given by:
显微镜的总放大率也按下式计算：
Total magnification = Eyepiece lens magnification × Objective lens magnification
总放大率 = 目镜放大率 × 物镜放大率
Resolution: The ability to distinguish between two close points. Higher resolution produces a sharper image. Think of ‘resolution’ as ‘resolving detail’ – a blurry photo has low resolution.
分辨率：区分两个靠近点的能力。分辨率越高，图像越清晰。把“resolution”想成“分辨细节”——模糊照片分辨率低。
3. Transport Across Cell Membranes | 跨
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