📚 Year 10 OCR Geography: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 10 OCR 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering GCSE Geography begins with a secure understanding of subject‑specific terminology. This guide gathers the most frequently examined terms across the OCR specification, pairing clear English definitions with Mandarin translations to support bilingual revision. Work through it in short sessions and you will build confidence for your written answers.
掌握 GCSE 地理的第一步是牢固理解学科专有词汇。本指南汇集了 OCR 考纲中最常考查的术语，为每个术语提供清晰的英文定义和中文翻译，支持双语复习。分小段学习，你将为书面答题建立信心。
1. River Landscapes and Processes | 河流地貌与过程
Hydraulic Action – the force of moving water hitting the river bed and banks, compressing air into cracks and breaking rock particles away.
水力作用 – 流动的水冲击河床与河岸，将空气压入裂缝，使岩石颗粒脱落。
Abrasion – the scraping, sandpaper‑like effect of pebbles and sediment grinding against the river channel, wearing it down.
磨蚀作用 – 鹅卵石和沉积物像砂纸一样刮擦、研磨河道，将其磨损。
Attrition – rocks and stones carried by the river collide, becoming smaller, smoother and rounder over time.
磨圆作用 – 河流携带的岩石和石块相互碰撞，逐渐变小、变光滑、变圆。
Solution (Corrosion) – chemical weathering of rocks by slightly acidic water dissolving minerals, especially in limestone areas.
溶蚀作用 – 弱酸性水体通过化学方式溶解岩石中的矿物质，尤其在石灰岩地区常见。
Traction – the rolling of large, heavy boulders and stones along the river bed during high‑energy flow.
推移质搬运 – 高能量水流中，大而重的砾石和石块在河床上滚动搬运。
Saltation – small pebbles and sand grains bounce along the river bed, lifted by the current then dropped again.
跃移质搬运 – 小鹅卵石和沙粒被水流抬起，短暂跳跃后再落回河床。
Suspension – fine, light sediment (silt and clay) is carried within the body of the water, visible as muddy or cloudy colour.
悬移质搬运 – 细小的轻质沉积物（淤泥和黏土）悬浮在水体中搬运，使河水呈现浑浊颜色。
Meander – a pronounced bend or curve in a river channel, formed by lateral erosion on the outside bank and deposition on the inside.
河曲（曲流） – 河流显著的弯曲段，由外侧河岸的侧蚀和内侧的沉积共同形成。
Ox‑bow Lake – a crescent‑shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel by deposition and neck erosion.
牛轭湖 – 曲流被截弯取直后，脱离主河道而形成的月牙形湖泊。
Floodplain – the flat area surrounding a river, built up of fertile alluvium deposited during repeated floods.
河漫滩（泛滥平原） – 河流两侧平坦区域，由多次洪水沉积的肥沃冲积土（alluvium）堆积而成。
2. Coastal Landscapes and Processes | 海岸地貌与过程
Swash – the forward movement of a wave up the beach after the wave breaks, depositing sediment on the shore.
冲流（上爬流） – 波浪破碎后冲向海滩的前进水流，将沉积物带到岸上。
Backwash – the backward movement of water down the beach under gravity, returning to the sea and often eroding sediment.
回流（回冲流） – 在重力作用下，海水沿沙滩退回海洋的运动，通常会侵蚀带离沉积物。
Longshore Drift – the zig‑zag movement of sediment along a coastline, caused by waves approaching at an angle and backwash moving perpendicular to the shore.
沿岸漂移 – 波浪以一定角度接近海岸、回流垂直于岸边回流所造成的沉积物沿滨线的之字形移动。
Constructive Waves – low‑energy, low‑frequency waves with stronger swash than backwash, building up the beach and carrying sediment onshore.
建设性波浪 – 能量低、频率低的波浪，冲流强于回流，堆积泥沙，建造海滩。
Destructive Waves – high‑energy, high‑frequency waves with stronger backwash than swash, eroding the beach and removing sediment seaward.
破坏性波浪 – 能量高、频率高的波浪，回流强于冲流，侵蚀海滩，将沉积物带离海岸。
Headland and Bay – alternating resistant and less resistant rock along a coastline; harder rock forms headlands while softer rock erodes back to form bays.
岬角与海湾 – 海岸线上抗侵蚀能力不同的岩石交替分布；坚硬岩石形成突出的岬角，软质岩石后退形成海湾。
Stack – a vertical column of rock isolated from the headland after the collapse of an arch, left standing in the sea.
海蚀柱 – 海蚀拱坍塌后，与岬角分离并独自矗立在海中的竖直岩柱。
Spit – a long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle projecting from the coast into the sea, formed by longshore drift across a river mouth or bay.
沙嘴 – 由沿岸漂移作用在河口或海湾处延伸入海的狭长沙脊，通常由沙或卵石组成。
3. Ecosystems and Biomes | 生态系统与生物群系
Ecosystem – a community of living organisms (biotic) interacting with their non‑living (abiotic) environment, such as a woodland or pond.
生态系统 – 生物群落（生物成分）与其非生物环境（非生物成分）相互作用的自然整体，如林地或池塘。
Biome – a very large‑scale ecosystem covering a broad region, characterised by distinctive climate, soils and vegetation, e.g. tropical rainforest or tundra.
生物群系 – 覆盖广阔区域的大尺度生态系统，以独特的气候、土壤和植被为特征，例如热带雨林或苔原。
Producer – an organism, such as a green plant, that converts sunlight energy into food through photosynthesis, forming the base of the food chain.
生产者 – 通过光合作用将太阳能转化为食物的生物（如绿色植物），构成食物链的基础。
Consumer – an organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms; primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
消费者 – 通过摄食其他生物获取能量的生物；初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者。
Decomposer – a microorganism, such as bacteria or fungi, that breaks down dead organic matter and recycles nutrients back into the soil.
分解者 – 细菌或真菌等微生物，分解死去的有机物质，将养分循环回土壤中。
Nutrient Cycle – the continuous movement and recycling of nutrients between living organisms, dead organic matter and the soil, essential for maintaining ecosystem health.
养分循环 – 养分在生物体、死有机物和土壤之间持续移动和再循环的过程，对维持生态系统健康至关重要。
Adaptation – a feature or behaviour that helps a plant or animal survive in its specific environment, e.g. thick waxy leaves in the rainforest to shed rainwater.
适应 – 帮助动植物在特定环境中生存的特征或行为，例如雨林植物厚而蜡质的叶片能快速排走雨水。
4. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather – the day‑to‑day condition of the atmosphere at a particular place, described by temperature, precipitation, wind and cloud cover.
天气 – 某地在特定时刻的大气状况，通过气温、降水、风和云量等要素描述。
Climate – the long‑term average of weather conditions in an area, typically calculated over a 30‑year period.
气候 – 某地长时期的大气平均状况，通常以30年为统计周期。
Microclimate – the small‑scale climate of a very localised area that differs from the surrounding region, e.g. a woodland floor or city centre.
微气候 – 极小区域内与周边地区不同的小尺度气候，如林地地面或市中心。
Urban Heat Island – an urban area that is significantly warmer than its rural surroundings due to human activities, building materials and reduced vegetation.
城市热岛效应 – 城市区域由于人类活动、建筑材料和植被减少，气温显著高于周边乡村地区的现象。
Depression – a low‑pressure weather system bringing cloudy, wet and windy conditions, formed when warm and cold air meet along fronts.
低压（气旋） – 由冷暖空气在锋面交汇形成的低压天气系统，带来多云、多雨和大风天气。
Anticyclone – a high‑pressure system associated with descending air, settled weather, clear skies and low winds; hot in summer, cold in winter.
高压（反气旋） – 与下沉气流相关的高压系统，天气稳定、晴朗少云、风速低；夏季炎热，冬季寒冷。
Greenhouse Effect – the natural process by which certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat, keeping the Earth warm enough for life; human activity enhances it, causing global warming.
温室效应 – 大气中某些气体捕获热量的自然过程，使地球保持适宜生命生存的温度；人类活动加剧了这一效应，导致全球变暖。
5. Natural Hazards | 自然灾害
Tectonic Plate – a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock that makes up the Earth’s lithosphere, whose movement at plate boundaries causes earthquakes and volcanic activity.
构造板块 – 构成地球岩石圈的巨大不规则固体岩块，板块边界处的运动引发地震和火山活动。
Earthquake – a sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the release of built‑up stress along faults or plate boundaries.
地震 – 断层或板块边界积累的应力突然释放而引起的地面剧烈震动。
Focus – the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates, releasing seismic waves.
震源 – 地球内部地震发生的起始点，能量在此以地震波形式释放。
Epicentre – the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus, usually sustaining the most severe shaking.
震中 – 震源正上方的地表点，通常遭受最强烈的震动。
Tsunami – a series of giant ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslide, capable of devastating coastal areas.
海啸 – 由海底地震、火山喷发或滑坡引发的巨型海洋波浪系列，能对沿海地区造成毁灭性破坏。
Composite Volcano – a steep‑sided volcano built from alternating layers of lava and ash, found at destructive plate boundaries, producing explosive eruptions.
复式火山（层状火山） – 由熔岩和火山灰交替堆积而成的陡峭火山，位于破坏性板块边界，喷发猛烈。
Tropical Storm – an intense low‑pressure system that develops over warm tropical oceans, with strong rotating winds and heavy rainfall (called hurricane, cyclone or typhoon depending on location).
热带风暴 – 在温暖热带海洋上形成的强烈低压系统，伴有强旋转风和暴雨（根据地点可称为飓风、气旋或台风）。
Mitigation – strategies to reduce or prevent the impacts of a natural hazard, such as sea walls, earthquake‑resistant buildings or early warning systems.
减灾 – 减少或预防自然灾害影响的策略，例如建设防波堤、抗震建筑或预警系统。
6. Urban Environments | 城市环境
Urbanisation – the increasing percentage of a country’s population living in towns and cities, driven by rural‑urban migration and natural increase.
城市化 – 城镇和城市人口占全国总人口比例不断上升的过程，由农村向城市迁移和自然增长推动。
Megacity – a city with a population of over 10 million people, e.g. Tokyo, Delhi or Shanghai, often facing challenges like congestion and housing shortages.
特大城市 – 人口超过1000万的城市，如东京、德里或上海，通常面临拥挤、住房短缺等挑战。
Push Factor – a negative condition in rural areas that drives people to leave, such as lack of jobs, drought or poor healthcare.
推拉因素之推力 – 农村地区迫使人口迁出的负面条件，例如就业机会缺乏、干旱或医疗条件差。
Pull Factor – a positive attraction of urban areas that draws people, such as better education, employment opportunities or entertainment.
推拉因素之拉力 – 城市地区吸引人口迁入的积极因素，如更好的教育、就业机会或娱乐设施。
Urban Sprawl – the uncontrolled outward expansion of a city into the surrounding countryside, often leading to car dependency and loss of farmland.
城市蔓延 – 城市不受控制地向周边乡村地区扩张，通常导致对汽车的依赖和农田流失。
Greenfield Site – a plot of land, often on the edge of a city, that has not previously been built on, used for new housing or development.
绿地（未开发地块） – 位于城市边缘、未经开发的土地，常用于新建住宅或其他开发项目。
Brownfield Site – land that has previously been used for industrial or commercial purposes, often within an existing urban area, which can be cleaned and redeveloped.
棕地（已开发地块） – 曾用于工业或商业用途的土地，通常位于既有城区内，经过清理后可重新开发。
Sustainable City – a city designed to minimise its environmental footprint by using renewable energy, efficient public transport and green spaces while meeting residents’ needs.
可持续城市 – 通过使用可再生能源、高效公共交通和绿地，在满足居民需求的同时最小化环境足迹的城市设计。
7. Global Development | 全球发展
Development – the process of economic and social improvement, raising standards of living through better healthcare, education, income and infrastructure.
发展 – 经济和社会改善的过程，通过更好的医疗、教育、收入和基础设施提升生活水平。
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in one year, often used as a basic measure of economic wealth.
国内生产总值（GDP） – 一个国家在一年内生产的全部商品和服务的总价值，常用作经济财富的基本衡量指标。
Gross National Income (GNI) – GDP plus net income from abroad, giving a fuller picture of a country’s total income.
国民总收入（GNI） – 国内生产总值加上来自国外的净收入，更全面地反映一国总收入。
Human Development Index (HDI) – a composite index combining life expectancy, education and income to measure a country’s social and economic development.
人类发展指数（HDI） – 综合预期寿命、教育水平和收入的复合指数，用于衡量一个国家的社会经济发展水平。
Literacy Rate – the percentage of adults (aged 15 and over) who can read and write a simple sentence, indicating access to education.
识字率 – 能够读写简单句子的成年人（15岁及以上）所占百分比，反映受教育机会。
Life Expectancy – the average number of years a person born in a given country can expect to live, strongly influenced by healthcare and diet.
预期寿命 – 出生在某国的人平均预期存活的年数，受医疗保健和饮食状况的显著影响。
Brandt Line – a historical north‑south divide on a world map separating wealthy, mostly industrialised countries (Global North) from poorer, developing countries (Global South).
布兰特线 – 世界地图上划分富裕的工业化国家（全球北方）与较贫穷的发展中国家（全球南方）的南北分界线。
Fair Trade – a trading partnership that guarantees producers in developing countries a fair price, good working conditions and extra investment for community projects.
公平贸易 – 保障发展中国家生产者获得公平价格、良好工作条件以及额外社区项目投资的贸易伙伴关系。
8. Resource Management | 资源管理
Resource – a stock or supply of materials or energy that has value and can be used by people, such as water, food, energy and minerals.
资源 – 对人类有价值且可被利用的物质或能源供应，如水、食物、能源和矿产。
Renewable Resource – a natural resource that can be replenished naturally within a human timescale, e.g. solar energy, wind, timber (if managed sustainably).
可再生资源 – 在人类时间尺度内可自然再生的自然资源，如太阳能、风能、可持续管理的木材。
Non‑renewable Resource – a resource that exists in a fixed amount and cannot be replenished once used, e.g. coal, oil, natural gas.
不可再生资源 – 储量固定、使用后无法再生的资源，如煤、石油、天然气。
Energy Mix – the combination of different energy sources used to meet a country’s total energy demand, including fossil fuels, nuclear and renewables.
能源结构 – 满足一国总能源需求的不同能源来源的组合，包括化石燃料、核能和可再生能源。
Food Security – when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy active life.
粮食安全 – 所有人在任何时候都能获得充足、安全和富有营养的食物，以维持健康积极生活。
Water Stress – a situation where the demand for fresh water exceeds the available supply, or poor water quality restricts its use, affecting both people and ecosystems.
水资源压力 – 淡水需求超过可用供应量，或水质差限制使用的状况，影响人群和生态系统。
Carbon Footprint – the total amount of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a person, organisation or country.
碳足迹 – 个人、组织或国家活动导致的排放到大气中的温室气体（特别是二氧化碳）总量。
Sustainability – meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing environmental, social and economic goals.
可持续性 – 在不损害后代满足自身需求的能力的前提下满足当前需求，平衡环境、社会和经济目标。
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