Year 10 OCR Philosophy: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 OCR 哲学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 OCR Philosophy: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 OCR 哲学：词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential quick memorisation guide for Year 10 OCR Philosophy. In the OCR GCSE Religious Studies (Philosophy and Ethics) course, a solid grasp of key vocabulary is the foundation for writing clear, analytical answers. This guide breaks down the most important philosophical terms into thematic sections, providing clear English–Chinese explanations to help you understand, remember, and use them accurately in exams.

欢迎使用十年级 OCR 哲学核心词汇速记指南。在 OCR GCSE 宗教研究（哲学与伦理）课程中，牢固掌握关键词汇是写出清晰、分析性答案的基础。本指南将最重要的哲学术语按主题划分，提供清晰的中英双语解释，帮助你理解、记忆并在考试中准确运用。

1. The Nature of God: Core Attributes | 上帝的本性：核心属性

• Omnipotent means ‘all-powerful’. It refers to the belief that God can do anything that is logically possible, such as creating the universe or performing miracles. However, paradoxes like ‘Can God create a stone too heavy for God to lift?’ are used to explore its limits.

  全能的 (Omnipotent) 意为“无所不能”。它指上帝能做任何逻辑上可能的事，比如创造宇宙或施行神迹。然而，“上帝能否造出一块自己举不起来的石头”这类悖论常被用来探讨其界限。

• Omniscient means ‘all-knowing’. God is believed to know everything that can be known — past, present, and future — including human thoughts and choices. This raises philosophical questions about free will.

  全知的 (Omniscient) 意为“无所不知”。上帝被认为知晓一切可知之事——过去、现在和未来，包括人的心思意念。这引发了一些关于自由意志的哲学问题。

• Omnibenevolent means ‘all-loving’ or ‘infinitely good’. God is believed to desire the greatest possible good for all creation. The existence of evil makes this attribute particularly challenging to reconcile with reality.

  全善的 (Omnibenevolent) 意为“全然慈爱”或“至善”。上帝被认为渴望给予一切受造物最大的善。恶的存在使这一属性与现实极难调和。

• Eternal describes God as existing outside of time, with no beginning and no end. This timelessness means God sees all of history — past, present, and future — simultaneously.

  永恒的 (Eternal) 描述上帝存在于时间之外，无始无终。这种超越时间的特性意味着上帝同时看见了全部历史——过去、现在与未来。

• Transcendent means God exists beyond the physical universe and is not limited by space or matter. God is wholly other and greater than the created world.

  超然的 (Transcendent) 指上帝存在于物质宇宙之外，不受空间与物质的限制。上帝全然异于且超越受造世界。

• Immanent means God is present and active within the world. This closeness allows believers to experience a personal relationship with God through prayer, worship, and daily life.

  内蕴的 (Immanent) 指上帝临在于世界中并积极运行。这种亲近使得信徒可以通过祷告、敬拜和日常生活与上帝建立个人关系。

• Personal describes a God with whom individuals can have a two-way relationship. A personal God hears prayers, responds, and is concerned with human experiences and moral choices.

  具有位格的 (Personal) 描述一位可以与之建立双向关系的上帝。有位格的上帝聆听祈祷、回应祈求，并关切人的经历与道德选择。

2. Beliefs About God: Theism, Atheism and More | 关于上帝的信仰：有神论、无神论等

• Theism is belief in the existence of at least one God who created and sustains the universe. Monotheism is belief in one God; polytheism is belief in many gods.

  有神论 (Theism) 是相信至少存在一位创造并维系宇宙的神。一神论相信独一真神；多神论则相信多位神明。

• Atheism is the absence of belief in any God or gods. Atheists may reject theistic claims because of a lack of evidence, the problem of evil, or a commitment to scientific naturalism.

  无神论 (Atheism) 是不相信任何神明的立场。无神论者可能因缺乏证据、恶的问题或坚持科学自然主义而拒绝有神论主张。

• Agnosticism is the view that it is impossible to know whether God exists. Agnostics suspend judgement, often arguing that the evidence is insufficient to support certainty either way.

  不可知论 (Agnosticism) 认为人无法确知上帝是否存在。不可知论者悬置判断，通常主张现有证据不足以使人得出确切结论。

• Deism holds that God created the universe but does not intervene in its ongoing operation. The ‘Divine Watchmaker’ analogy is often used: God wound up the clock and let it run by itself.

  自然神论 (Deism) 主张上帝创造了宇宙但不再干预其运行。常用“神圣钟表匠”类比：上帝给钟表上足发条，随后任其自行运转。

3. Arguments for God’s Existence: Key Framework | 上帝存在的论证：关键框架

• Cosmological argument argues that everything that exists has a cause, and the universe itself must have a First Cause — identified as God. Key forms include Thomas Aquinas’ ‘Five Ways’, focusing on causation, motion, and contingency.

  宇宙论论证 (Cosmological argument) 主张一切存在着的事物都有原因，宇宙本身必定有一位第一因，即上帝。主要形式包括阿奎那的“五路论证”，聚焦于因果、运动和偶然性。

• Teleological argument (or Design argument) points to order, complexity, and apparent purpose in nature as evidence of an intelligent designer. William Paley’s watchmaker analogy is the classic formulation.

  目的论论证 (Teleological argument)（即设计论证）以自然界的秩序、复杂性和看似有目的的特征作为智慧设计者的证据。威廉·佩利的钟表匠类比是最经典的形式。

• Ontological argument is a logical, a priori argument that the very definition of God as ‘the greatest conceivable being’ entails God’s existence. Anselm’s version argues that existence in reality is greater than existence in the mind alone.

  本体论论证 (Ontological argument) 是一种逻辑的、先验的论证，认为“可设想的无与伦比的伟大者”这一定义本身就包含了存在。安瑟伦的版本主张，存在于现实中比仅存在于心中更伟大。

• A posteriori arguments are based on experience, observation, or evidence from the world. The cosmological and teleological arguments are a posteriori, as they begin with what we observe in the universe.

  后验的 (A posteriori) 论证基于经验、观察或来自世界的证据。宇宙论论证和目的论论证都是后验的，因为它们从我们在宇宙中观察到的事物出发。

• A priori arguments rely on logic and reasoning independent of experience. The ontological argument is a priori, attempting to prove God’s existence purely through logical deduction.

  先验的 (A priori) 论证依赖于独立于经验的逻辑与推理。本体论论证是先验的，试图仅通过逻辑推演证明上帝存在。

• Inductive reasoning uses observations to reach a probable conclusion. Most design arguments are inductive: they suggest that design is the most likely explanation for complex life, but do not prove it with absolute certainty.

  归纳推理 (Inductive) 运用观察得出可能的结论。大多数设计论证是归纳性的：它们提出设计是复杂生命的最可能解释，但无法以绝对确定性加以证明。

• Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to a certain conclusion. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. The ontological argument attempts to be deductive.

  演绎推理 (Deductive) 从一般前提推出必然结论。若前提为真，则结论必然为真。本体论论证试图采用演绎形式。

• Moral argument holds that the universal sense of right and wrong points to a divine lawgiver. Kant argued that morality requires a highest good, and God is a necessary postulate for achieving it.

  道德论证 (Moral argument) 主张人类普遍的善恶感指向一位神圣立法者。康德认为道德要求至善，而上帝是达成至善的必要假设。

4. Revelation and Religious Experience | 启示与宗教经验

• Revelation refers to the way God makes himself known to humans. It can take the form of scripture, miracles, prophetic visions, or personal encounter.

  启示 (Revelation) 指上帝向人类显明自己的方式。它可以表现为经文、神迹、先知异象或个人相遇。

• General revelation is indirect; God is revealed through nature, conscience, and the beauty of the created world. Anyone can perceive it without needing sacred texts.

  普遍启示 (General revelation) 是间接的；上帝通过自然、良心和受造世界的美丽得以显明。任何人都能察知，无需依赖圣书。

• Special revelation is direct and specific, given through events such as Jesus’ incarnation, the Qur’an for Muslims, or Moses receiving the Ten Commandments. It is usually foundational for a particular faith tradition.

  特殊启示 (Special revelation) 是直接而具体的，通过诸如耶稣道成肉身、穆斯林相信的《古兰经》降示，或摩西领受十诫等事件传达。它通常构成某一信仰传统的根基。

• Miracle is commonly defined as an extraordinary event that breaks the laws of nature and is attributed to divine agency. In philosophy, David Hume defined a miracle as ‘a violation of the laws of nature’.

  神迹 (Miracle) 通常被定义为打破自然规律的非凡事件，归因于神圣作为。在哲学中，休谟将其定义为“对自然规律的违反”。

• Numinous experience refers to an awe-inspiring, overpowering sense of a holy presence beyond ordinary experience. Rudolph Otto described it as mysterium tremendum et fascinans — a mystery both terrifying and fascinating.

  努秘经验 (Numinous) 指一种令人敬畏、被全然压倒的圣洁临在感，远超日常经验。鲁道夫·奥托形容其为“令人战栗又令人着迷的奥秘”。

• Conversion is a profound, often sudden change in a person’s beliefs, values, and identity, frequently described as a turning towards God. Saul’s conversion on the road to Damascus is a classic example.

  归信 (Conversion) 是一个人信念、价值观和身份的深刻转变，常被描述为转向上帝，可能发生得突然。扫罗在大马士革路上的归信是经典范例。

5. The Problem of Evil and Suffering | 恶与苦难的问题

• Moral evil is suffering caused by the deliberate misuse of human free will, such as murder, theft, or war. It results from human choices and is often seen as the consequence of sin.

  道德恶 (Moral evil) 是由人故意滥用自由意志导致的苦难，如谋杀、偷窃或战争。它源自人的选择，常被视作罪的后果。

• Natural evil refers to suffering that seems to arise from the natural world without direct human involvement, such as earthquakes, diseases, and tsunamis. It is harder to blame free will for such events.

  自然恶 (Natural evil) 指似乎由自然界产生、无直接人为参与的苦难，如地震、疾病与海啸。这类事件更难用自由意志来解释。

• Inconsistent triad is the logical problem that the three statements — God is omnipotent, God is omnibenevolent, and evil exists — cannot all be true at the same time. If evil exists, God must lack either the power or the love to prevent it.

  不一致三联论 (Inconsistent triad) 是一个逻辑难题：上帝全能、上帝全善、恶存在，这三者无法同时为真。若恶存在，上帝要么缺乏能力要么缺乏慈爱去阻止它。

• Theodicy is an attempt to justify God’s goodness in the face of evil. A successful theodicy explains why an all-loving, all-powerful God allows suffering.

  神义论 (Theodicy) 是为在恶面前辩护上帝之善的尝试。成功的神义论能解释为何一位全然慈爱、全能的上帝允许苦难存在。

• Free-will defence argues that God gave humans genuine free will because it is a greater good than a world of programmed robots. Moral evil arises when humans misuse this gift, but free will makes authentic love and moral growth possible.

  自由意志辩护 (Free-will defence) 主张上帝赐予人真正的自由意志，因为拥有自由意志的世界比只有被程序化机器人的世界更美好。道德恶出现于人类误用这份礼物之时，但自由意志使真实的爱与道德成长成为可能。

• Augustinian theodicy holds that evil is a privation — an absence of good — rather than a substance created by God. Evil entered the world through the fall of angels and humans, and God permits it to bring a greater good out of freely chosen sin.

  奥古斯丁神义论 (Augustinian theodicy) 认为恶是善的缺失，而非上帝创造的实体。恶通过天使和人类的堕落进入世界，上帝允许恶以从自由选择的罪中带出更大的善。

• Irenaean theodicy (or soul-making theodicy) sees the world as a place of moral and spiritual growth. Suffering helps humans develop virtues and ultimately become ‘children of God’ through freely turning towards goodness.

  爱任纽神义论 (Irenaean theod

  Published by TutorHao | Year 10 哲学 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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