Year 10 SQA Biology: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 10 SQA 生物：暑期预习与衔接课程

📚 Year 10 SQA Biology: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 10 SQA 生物：暑期预习与衔接课程

Welcome to your summer bridging course for Year 10 SQA Biology. This resource revisits essential scientific ideas from earlier stages and introduces key National 5 concepts, helping you refresh your knowledge and prepare for more advanced studies in cell biology, genetics, physiology and ecology.

欢迎来到 Year 10 SQA 生物暑期衔接课程。本书回顾了早期阶段的科学基本理念并介绍了 National 5 关键概念，帮助你巩固知识，为在细胞生物学、遗传学、生理学和生态学方面更深入的学习做好准备。

1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能

All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are unicellular, like bacteria, while plants and animals are multicellular. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

所有生物都由细胞构成。有些生物是单细胞的，如细菌，而植物和动物是多细胞的。细胞是生物体结构和功能的基本单位。

Animal cells contain a nucleus that controls the cell’s activities, cytoplasm where most chemical reactions occur, a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves, mitochondria for aerobic respiration and ribosomes for protein synthesis.

动物细胞包含控制细胞活动的细胞核、发生大多数化学反应的细胞质、控制物质进出的细胞膜、进行有氧呼吸的线粒体以及合成蛋白质的核糖体。

Plant cells have all these structures plus a rigid cell wall made of cellulose for support, a large permanent vacuole containing cell sap, and chloroplasts that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

植物细胞除了拥有上述结构外，还有由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁以提供支撑、含有细胞液的大永久液泡，以及吸收光能进行光合作用的叶绿体。

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; they lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material floats freely in the cytoplasm as a circular chromosome, and they may have plasmids.

细菌细胞是原核生物；它们没有真正的细胞核和膜结合的细胞器。它们的遗传物质以环状染色体的形式游离在细胞质中，并且可能含有质粒。

2. Cell Transport | 物质运输

Substances move into and out of cells across the cell membrane. The three main transport processes are diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

物质通过细胞膜进出细胞。三种主要的运输过程是扩散、渗透和主动运输。

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process that does not require cellular energy.

扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动，沿着浓度梯度进行。这是一个被动过程，不需要细胞能量。

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion; it is the movement of water molecules from a higher water potential to a lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane.Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com

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