📚 Year 10 SQA Chinese: Quick-Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | SQA 中文：公式定理速查手册
This handbook distils crucial Chinese language patterns, grammar rules, and character principles into concise “formulas” and “theorems” for SQA Year 10 learners. Use it as a rapid revision tool to strengthen accuracy in reading, writing, and oral communication. Each section pairs English explanations with Chinese equivalents so that you can grasp the logic behind the language quickly.
本手册将 SQA 十年级中文学习的关键语法规律、句式结构与汉字原理浓缩为简洁的“公式”和“定理”，便于快速查阅。它可作为备考与日常练习的速查工具，帮助提高阅读、写作与口语的准确性。每个部分均以中英双语对照说明，让你迅速掌握语言背后的逻辑。
1. Tone-Marking Formula | 声调标记公式
Hanyu Pinyin tone marks always sit on the main vowel of a syllable. The placement follows a strict vowel priority formula.
汉语拼音的声调符号始终标在音节的主要元音上，并遵循严格的元音优先公式。
Priority rule: a > o, e > i, u, ue. If ‘a’ appears, the tone mark goes on ‘a’. If there is no ‘a’, look for ‘o’ or ‘e’. When ‘i’ and ‘u’ occur together, the mark falls on the second vowel.
优先级规则：a > o, e > i, u, ue。只要有 a，声调就标在 a 上；没有 a，就找 o 或 e；若 i 和 u 并列出现，声调标在后一个字母上。
Vowel priority: a → o, e → i, u, ue
Example: māo (猫) – ‘a’ is present, tone on ‘a’. guì (贵) – no ‘a’, ‘u’ and ‘i’ together, tone on ‘i’ (second vowel).
示例：māo（猫）中有 a，声调标在 a 上；guì（贵）没 a，u 与 i 同现，声调标在后出现的 i 上。
For the interjection ‘er’ and retroflex finals, the tone mark only appears on the first letter of the pinyin compound. No double marking is allowed.
对于儿化韵母，声调只标在第一个拼音字母上，不可重复标注。
2. Stroke Order Theorem | 汉字笔顺定理
Standard stroke order reduces writing errors and aids character memorisation. The fundamental theorems are based on direction and hierarchy.
规范的笔顺能减少书写错误并帮助记忆汉字，其基础定理依据书写方向与层次关系而定。
Horizontal before vertical (héng before shù) – as in ‘十’ (shí): write the horizontal stroke first, then the vertical.
先横后竖 —— 例如“十”：先写横，后写竖。
Left-falling before right-falling (piě before nà) – in ‘人’ (rén), the left-falling stroke precedes the right-falling.
先撇后捺 —— “人”字中，先写左撇，再写右捺。
Top before bottom (shàng before xià) – ‘三’ (sān) begins with the top horizontal stroke.
从上到下 —— “三”从最上面一横写起。
Outside before inside (wài before nèi) – ‘月’ (yuè) starts with the outer frame before the inner lines. When the enclosure is open at the bottom, write the outer frame first, then the interior, then the bottom closing line last.
先外后内 —— “月”先写外框再写内部。若为下开包围，先写外部，再写内部，最后封底。
Stroke order principle: 横 → 竖 → 撇 → 捺 → 点
3. The “的” Structure Formula | “的”字结构公式
The particle 的 (de) connects modifiers to nouns, creating ownership, description, or relative clauses. Its core structure acts as a grammatical “magnet” for attributes.
助词“的”将修饰语与名词连接起来，表示领属、描述或关系。其核心结构如同吸引定语的磁石。
Formula: (Modifier) + 的 + Noun. The modifier can be a pronoun, adjective, noun, or a full clause.
公式：(修饰语) + 的 + 名词。修饰语可以是代词、形容词、名词或一个小句。
Possession: 我的书 (wǒ de shū) – my book. Description: 漂亮的花 (piàoliang de huā) – beautiful flower. Relative clause: 我昨天买的书 (wǒ zuótiān mǎi de shū) – the book that I bought yesterday. When the modified noun is obvious, the noun can be dropped, leaving a nominalised ‘的’ structure.
领属：我的书。描述：漂亮的花。关系小句：我昨天买的书。当修饰的名词很明显时，可以省略名词，形成“的”字结构，如“那个是我的”。
Omission rule: 的 can sometimes be omitted with close personal relationships (我妈妈) or monosyllabic adjectives (大风), but must be kept in formal embedded clauses.
省略规则：亲密关系（我妈妈）或单音节形容词（大风）有时可省略“的”，但在正式的嵌套结构中必须保留。
4. The “把” Sentence Theorem | “把”字句定理
The 把 (bǎ) construction shifts the object before the verb to emphasise disposal, change, or outcome. It must follow a strict syntactic rule.
“把”字句将宾语提至动词之前，以强调处置、变化或结果，其句法规则必须严格遵守。
Theorem: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Other Element (complement/了/aspect marker). The verb must be transitive and cannot stand alone without a result or degree complement.
定理：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 其他成分（补语/了/情态标记）。动词必须及物，且不能孤立使用，需带有结果或程度补充。
S + 把 + O + V + Completion/Change
Correct: 我把作业做完了 (wǒ bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le) – I finished the homework. Incorrect: 我把作业做 (lacking complement). The action must impact the object visibly.
正确用法：我把作业做完了。错误：我把作业做（缺补语）。动作必须对宾语产生显性影响。
Negation and adverbs are placed before 把: 他没把门关上 (tā méi bǎ mén guān shang).
否定词和副词要置于“把”之前：他没把门关上。
5. The “被” Sentence Theorem | “被”字句定理
被 (bèi) marks the passive voice, where the subject receives the action. The agent can be omitted for impersonal or undesired outcomes.
“被”字句表示被动，主语承受动作。当动作的执行者不重要或表达不如意时，施动者可省略。
Theorem: Subject (patient) + 被 + (Agent) + Verb + Complement/了. Unlike English passive, the verb still requires a resultative complement or aspect marker.
定理：受事主语 + 被 + （施事） + 动词 + 补语/了。与英语被动语态不同，汉语“被”字句仍需动词带结果补语或动态助词。
Patient + 被 (+ Agent) + V + Result
Example: 蛋糕被我吃了 (dàngāo bèi wǒ chī le) – The cake was eaten by me. Agent omission: 蛋糕被吃了 (dàngāo bèi chī le). The 被 structure often implies adversity, though neutral usage is increasing.
例句：蛋糕被我吃了。省略施事：蛋糕被吃了。“被”字句常带不如意色彩，但中性用法正逐渐增多。
In formal writing, 被 can be replaced by 叫/让/给 in colloquial speech: 书让他弄丢了 (shū ràng tā nòng diū le).
口语中可用“叫、让、给”替换“被”：书让他弄丢了。
6. Comparative Sentence Formula | 比较句公式
Comparative structures express degree difference and equality. SQA Year 10 requires mastery of three core comparative patterns.
比较句表示程度差异或相等，SQA 十年级要求掌握三种核心比较句式。
Basic inequality: A + 比 + B + Adjective. A 比 B 大 (A bǐ B dà) – A is bigger than B. To intensify, add 更 or 还 before the adjective: A 比 B 更贵.
基本不等句式：A + 比 + B + 形容词。A 比 B 大。要强调程度，可在形容词前加“更、还”：A 比 B 更贵。
Equality: A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adjective. 他跟我一样高 (tā gēn wǒ yīyàng gāo) – He is as tall as me. 不一样 indicates inequality.
等价比较：A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + 形容词。他跟我一样高。“不一样”表示不相等。
Degree complement comparison: A + 比 + B + Adjective + 多了/得多. 今天比昨天冷多了 (jīntiān bǐ zuótiān lěng duō le) – Today is much colder than yesterday.
程度补语比较：A + 比 + B + 形容词 + 多了/得多。今天比昨天冷多了。
Avoid common errors: never place degree adverbs like 很 directly after the adjective in a 比 sentence. Incorrect: 我比你很高. Correct: 我比你高.
常见错误：在“比”字句中不可在形容词后直接使用“很”。错误：我比你很高。正确：我比你高。
7. Correlative Conjunction Pairing Theorem | 关联词搭配定理
Conjunction pairs in Chinese must obey fixed collocations; mixing them breaks logic and fluency. The theorem lists matched sets for cause, condition, concession, and progression.
汉语关联词须按固定搭配使用，混搭会破坏逻辑与流畅度。本定理列举因果、条件、转折、递进等固定配对。
Cause-effect: 因为…所以… (yīnwèi…suǒyǐ…). Conditional: 如果…就… (rúguǒ…jiù…). Concessive: 虽然…但是… (suīrán…dànshì…).
因果：因为……所以……。条件：如果……就……。转折：虽然……但是……。
Progressive: 不但…而且… (bùdàn…érqiě…). Alternative: 不是…就是… (bùshì…jiùshì…). One must keep the pair intact; omitting the second conjunction can confuse the listener.
递进：不但……而且……。选择：不是……就是……。必须保持配对完整，省略后一个关联词会造成语意不清。
如果…就… ; 因为…所以… ; 虽然…但是… ; 不但…而且…
Example: 因为你努力了，所以你进步了 (yīnwèi nǐ nǔlì le, suǒyǐ nǐ jìnbù le). The second half of the pair cannot be replaced casually.
例句：因为你努力了，所以你进步了。配对中的后项不可随意替换。
8. Idiom Symmetry Structure Theorem | 成语对称结构定理
Many four-character Chinese idioms display internal symmetry, following patterns such as ABAC, AABB, or antithetical couplets. Recognising these templates accelerates memorisation.
大量四字成语呈现内部对称性，遵循 ABAC、AABB 或对仗格式，识别这些模板能加速记忆。
ABAC pattern: 人山人海 (rénshān-rénhǎi), 一心一意 (yīxīn-yīyì). Repetition of characters 1 and 3 creates rhythm and emphasis.
ABAC 式：人山人海、一心一意。第一和第三字重复，制造节奏与强调。
AABB pattern: 干干净净 (gāngān-jìngjìng), 高高兴兴 (gāogāo-xìngxìng). Emerging from adjective reduplication, these idioms intensify the state.
AABB 式：干干净净、高高兴兴。由形容词重叠而来，强调状态的完全性。
Antithetical pairs: 左顾右盼 (zuǒgù-yòupàn), 南辕北辙 (nányuán-běizhé). Opposites in position create balanced contrast.
反义对仗：左顾右盼、南辕北辙。方位反义字形成匀称对比。
Understanding the symmetry theorem helps decode meaning: if you know half of the characters, the other half often parallels or opposes logically.
掌握对称定理有助于解读词义：认识其中一半汉字，另一半在逻辑上往往与之并列或相反。
9. Classical Chinese Ping-ze Quick Rule | 古诗词平仄速查定理
In regulated verse (律诗), ping (平 level tone) and ze (仄 oblique tone) alternate systematically. The basic rule for pentasyllabic lines can be memorised as formulas.
在近体诗中，平仄交替有章可循。五言律诗的基本规则可记为简易公式。
Ping-ze formula for the even-type opening line: 仄仄平平仄, 平平仄仄平. For the rising-type opening: 平平平仄仄, 仄仄仄平平. A verse of eight lines repeats the pattern with strict tonal pairing between couplets.
仄起首句不入韵式：仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平起首句不入韵式：平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。全诗八句，上下联平仄相对。
仄仄平平仄 → 平平仄仄平 → 平平平仄仄 → 仄仄仄平平
Modern SQA learners need not compose but can identify ping-ze to appreciate classical poetry rhythm. Level tones (first and second tone in modern Mandarin) balance against oblique tones (third and fourth tone).
现代学习者无需创作，但识别平仄能领略古诗节奏。平声（普通话第一、二声）与仄声（第三、四声）交替平衡。
One-character regulations: in each pair of lines, the second character of the first line must contrast with the second character of the second line; the same rule applies to the fourth character.
对仗规则：每联上下句的第二字平仄相反，第四字平仄也相反，形成“二四分明”。
10. Rhetorical Device Identification Formula | 修辞手法判别公式
Rhetorical devices such as simile, metaphor, and personification rely on key markers. This rapid-identification formula helps you recognise them in reading comprehension.
比喻、拟人等修辞手法依赖标志词，此速判公式有助于在阅读理解中快速识别。
Simile (比喻 – 明喻): A + 像/好像/仿佛 + B. 月亮像小船 (yuèliang xiàng xiǎo chuán). The linking word 像 is the marker.
明喻公式：A + 像/好像/仿佛 + B。月亮像小船。标志词“像”即为信号。
Metaphor (暗喻): A + 是/成为 + B. 时间是金钱 (shíjiān shì jīnqián). No 像 is used; the identification relies on the copula 是.
暗喻公式：A + 是/成为 + B。时间是金钱。不用“像”，靠判断词“是”辨认。
Personification (拟人): inanimate object + human action/emotion. 春风抚摸着大地 (chūnfēng fǔmō zhe dàdì). The spring breeze cannot literally caress; the human verb signals personification.
拟人公式：无生命事物 + 人的动作/情感。春风抚摸着大地。春风并不会真的抚摸，正是这一拟人化动词构成拟人手法。
Parallelism (排比): three or more structurally similar phrases in succession. 我读书，我思考，我快乐 (wǒ dúshū, wǒ sīkǎo, wǒ kuàilè). The repetition of 我 + verb builds rhythm.
排比公式：连续出现三个或更多结构相似的短语。我读书，我思考，我快乐。“我+动词”的重复营造节奏感。
With these formulas, any rhetorical device in your prescribed texts can be quickly categorised and analysed.
掌握这些公式，就能快速归类与分析指定篇目中的任何修辞手法。
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