Year 10 WJEC Economics: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 10 WJEC 经济：暑期预习与衔接课程

📚 Year 10 WJEC Economics: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 10 WJEC 经济：暑期预习与衔接课程

Moving into Year 10 marks an exciting shift toward more structured, exam-focused study in WJEC GCSE Economics. This summer bridging course is designed to help you consolidate any prior knowledge and build a strong foundation in the key microeconomic concepts that will dominate your first year of the GCSE. Whether you have studied business or humanities in Year 9 or are entirely new to the subject, this article will guide you through core ideas, terminology, and essential diagrams, ensuring you start the autumn term with confidence.

进入 Year 10 意味着你将开始更系统化、更有针对性的 WJEC GCSE 经济学习。暑期衔接课程旨在帮助你巩固已有知识，并为第一年重要的微观经济学概念打下坚实基础。不论你之前在 Year 9 学过商科或人文学科，还是完全零基础，本文都将带你梳理核心理念、术语和关键模型，让你自信地迎接秋季学期。

1. What is Economics? The Basic Economic Problem | 什么是经济学？基本经济问题

Economics is the study of how people, businesses and governments make choices when faced with limited resources. The fundamental economic problem arises because our wants are unlimited, but the resources available to satisfy them are finite. This forces every society to answer three key questions: what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it.

经济学研究的是人们、企业和政府在资源有限的情况下如何做出选择。基本经济问题源于我们的欲望是无限的，但满足这些欲望的资源是有限的。这迫使每个社会都要回答三个关键问题：生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产。

2. Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost | 稀缺性、选择与机会成本

Scarcity is the condition of having insufficient resources to fulfil all wants. Because of scarcity, economic agents must make choices, and every choice involves an opportunity cost – the next best alternative that is given up. For example, if a student decides to spend two hours revising economics rather than playing football, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment and health benefits of the football game missed.

稀缺性是指资源不足以满足所有欲望的状态。由于稀缺性的存在，经济主体必须做出选择，而每一次选择都涉及机会成本——即所放弃的次优替代品。比如，一名学生选择花两小时复习经济而不是踢足球，那么机会成本就是放弃的足球运动带来的乐趣和健康收益。

3. Factors of Production | 生产要素

Resources used to produce goods and services are grouped into four factors of production: land (natural resources), labour (human effort), capital (man-made goods used in production) and enterprise (the willingness to take risks and organise the other three factors). The income rewards for these factors are rent, wages, interest and profit respectively.

用于生产商品和服务的资源被划分为四种生产要素：土地（自然资源）、劳动（人力投入）、资本（用于生产的人造物品）和企业家精神（愿意承担风险并组织其他三种要素）。这些要素的收入回报分别是地租、工资、利息和利润。

4. Production Possibility Frontiers | 生产可能性边界

A production possibility frontier (PPF) illustrates the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce when all resources are fully and efficiently employed. Points inside the curve indicate underemployment of resources, while points outside are currently unattainable. Shifts of the PPF outward represent economic growth, which can be caused by improvements in technology or increases in the quantity or quality of factors of production.

生产可能性边界（PPF）展示了一个经济体在资源被完全且有效利用时所能生产的两种商品的最大组合。曲线内的点表示资源未充分利用，曲线外的点则当前无法达到。PPF 向外移动代表经济增长，这可能由技术进步或生产要素数量、质量的提高引起。

5. Introduction to Markets and Demand | 市场与需求入门

A market is any place or mechanism where buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods and services. Demand refers to the quantity of a product consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time. The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as price rises the quantity demanded falls, creating a downward-sloping demand curve. Changes in income, tastes, prices of related goods and population can shift the whole demand curve.

市场是买卖双方互动以交换商品和服务的任何场所或机制。需求指的是消费者在一段时间内、在不同价格水平下愿意并且能够购买的商品数量。需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升，需求量下降，形成一条向下倾斜的需求曲线。收入、偏好、相关商品价格和人口数量的变化会使整条需求曲线发生位移。

6. Supply and Market Equilibrium | 供给与市场均衡

Supply is the quantity of a good producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. The law of supply suggests a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied, giving an upward-sloping supply curve. Market equilibrium occurs where the demand curve and supply curve intersect, meaning the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. At this price, there is no tendency for change – no shortages or surpluses.

供给是生产者在不同价格下愿意且能够出售的商品数量。供给定律表明价格与供给量之间存在正相关关系，形成一条向上倾斜的供给曲线。市场均衡发生在需求曲线与供给曲线的交点，此时需求量等于供给量，没有短缺也没有过剩，价格趋于稳定。

7. Price Elasticity of Demand | 需求价格弹性

Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated using the formula:

PED = %Δ Quantity Demanded / %Δ Price

If PED > 1, demand is price elastic; if PED < 1, it is price inelastic; and if PED = 1, it is unitary elastic. Goods with many substitutes, luxuries and those that take up a large share of income tend to have elastic demand, while necessities and addictive goods often have inelastic demand.

需求价格弹性（PED）衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。其计算公式为：

PED = 需求量变动的百分比 / 价格变动的百分比

若 PED > 1，需求富有弹性；若 PED < 1，需求缺乏弹性；若 PED = 1，则单位弹性。存在许多替代品、奢侈品以及占收入比重较大的商品通常富有弹性，而必需品和容易上瘾的商品往往缺乏弹性。

8. Price Elasticity of Supply | 供给价格弹性

Price elasticity of supply (PES) measures how responsive quantity supplied is to a price change. The formula is:

PES = %Δ Quantity Supplied / %Δ Price

Supply tends to be more elastic in the long run because producers have more time to adjust their production levels. Factors affecting PES include the availability of raw materials, the complexity of the production process and the time period considered.

供给价格弹性（PES）衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。计算公式为：

PES = 供给量变动的百分比 / 价格变动的百分比

长期来看供给通常更富弹性，因为生产者有更多时间调整生产水平。影响 PES 的因素包括原材料的可获得性、生产过程的复杂程度以及所考虑的时间长度。

9. Market Structures: Perfect Competition to Monopoly | 市场结构：从完全竞争到垄断

Market structures describe the key characteristics of different markets, such as the number of firms, type of products and barriers to entry. The main types studied in WJEC GCSE Economics range from perfect competition, where many small firms sell identical products with no barriers to entry, to monopoly, where a single firm dominates the market. The table below summarises the features of four market structures:

市场结构描述了不同市场的关键特征，比如企业数量、产品类型和进入壁垒。在 WJEC GCSE 经济学中需要学习的主要类型包括完全竞争（众多小企业销售同质产品且无进入壁垒）到垄断（单一企业主导市场）。下表概括了四种市场结构的特点：

Market Structure	No. of Firms	Product Type	Barriers to Entry
Perfect Competition	Many	Homogeneous	None
Monopolistic Competition	Many	Differentiated	Low
Oligopoly	Few	Can be homogeneous or differentiated	High
Monopoly	One	Unique	Very high

10. The Labour Market | 劳动力市场

The labour market is where workers supply their labour and employers demand it. The price of labour is the wage rate, determined by the interaction of demand for labour (derived from the demand for the goods and services workers produce) and supply of labour (affected by factors like working conditions, skills required and the size of the working population). Trade unions and government policies, such as minimum wage, can influence wage levels and employment.

劳动力市场是劳动者提供劳动、雇主需求劳动的地方。劳动的价格是工资率，由劳动需求（源于对工人所生产商品和服务的需求）和劳动供给（受工作条件、所需技能和劳动人口规模等因素影响）的相互作用决定。工会和政府政策（如最低工资）也会影响工资水平和就业。

11. Market Failure and Government Intervention | 市场失灵与政府干预

Market failure occurs when the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently, leading to a net social loss. Common causes include externalities (spill-over effects on third parties), under-provision of public goods (which are non-excludable and non-rival), information gaps and monopoly power. Governments may intervene using taxation, subsidies, regulation, public provision of goods and competition policy to correct these failures and improve social welfare.

当自由市场无法有效配置资源、导致社会净损失时，便会出现市场失灵。常见的成因包括外部性（对第三方的溢出效应）、公共品供应不足（具有非排他性和非竞争性）、信息不对称和垄断力量。政府可以通过税收、补贴、监管、公共品供给和竞争政策等手段进行干预，以纠正市场失灵并提高社会福利。

12. Introduction to Macroeconomic Objectives | 宏观经济目标入门

While Year 10 focuses mainly on microeconomics, it is useful to be aware of the government’s four main macroeconomic objectives that will be explored in Year 11: sustainable economic growth, low and stable inflation, low unemployment and a favourable balance of payments on the current account. These objectives guide fiscal and monetary policy decisions and are measured by indicators such as GDP, CPI and the unemployment rate.

虽然 Year 10 主要侧重微观经济学，但提前了解政府四大宏观经济目标（将在 Year 11 深入探讨）很有帮助：可持续的经济增长、低且稳定的通货膨胀、低失业率以及经常账户的国际收支平衡。这些目标指导着财政与货币政策决策，并通过国内生产总值、消费价格指数和失业率等指标来衡量。

Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）