📚 Year 10 WJEC English: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 10 WJEC 英语：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering literary and linguistic terminology is essential for Year 10 WJEC English. This quick revision guide covers key terms you will encounter in your exams, including definitions, examples and the effects they create. Use it to sharpen your analysis of both fiction and non-fiction texts.
掌握文学和语言术语是 Year 10 WJEC 英语考试的关键。这份速记指南涵盖考试中常见的关键术语，包括定义、例子及其产生的效果。用它来提升你对小说和非虚构文本的分析能力。
1. Simile and Metaphor | 明喻与暗喻
A simile directly compares two different things using ‘like’ or ‘as’. For instance, ‘He fought like a lion’ creates a vivid picture of bravery by linking a person to a fierce animal. The effect is that the reader instantly grasps the intensity of the struggle.
明喻使用“像”或“如同”直接比较两个不同的事物。例如，“他像一头狮子一样战斗”通过将人比作凶猛动物，营造出勇敢的生动画面。其效果是读者能立刻感受到挣扎的激烈程度。
A metaphor states that one thing is another, without using ‘like’ or ‘as’. ‘All the world’s a stage’ suggests that life is a performance, with people playing assigned roles. This makes the description more powerful and layered, encouraging the reader to think about existence in a new way.
暗喻则声称一事物就是另一事物，不使用“像”或“如同”。“全世界是个舞台”暗示生活是一场表演，人们扮演着指定的角色。这使描写更加有力、层次更丰富，促使读者以新的方式思考存在。
2. Personification | 拟人
Personification gives human qualities to objects, animals or abstract ideas. ‘The wind whispered through the trees’ makes the wind feel gentle, secretive and almost alive. This technique helps to create atmosphere and can make a scene feel more intimate or unsettling.
拟人将人类特质赋予物体、动物或抽象概念。“风在树间低语”让风显得轻柔、神秘，几乎拥有了生命。这种手法有助于营造氛围，可以使场景更亲密或更令人不安。
Another common example is ‘the angry sea swallowed the ship’. Here, the sea is given an emotion and a deliberate action, intensifying the sense of danger and power.
另一个常见例子是“愤怒的大海吞没了船只”。这里大海被赋予了情感和刻意行为，强化了危险与力量的感觉。
3. Alliteration, Sibilance and Assonance | 头韵、嘶音与谐元韵
Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the start of nearby words, like ‘Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers’. It creates rhythm, draws attention to a phrase and can make the language more memorable.
头韵是相邻单词开头辅音音素的重复，如“Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers”。它能创造节奏，吸引读者注意短语，并使语言更易记住。
Sibilance is a specific type of alliteration where the ‘s’ or ‘sh’ sound is repeated, as in ‘the snake slithered silently’. This produces a hissing, often sinister effect, which can imply danger or sneakiness.
嘶音是一种特殊的头韵，重复“s”或“sh”音，例如“the snake slithered silently”。这会产生嘶嘶声，通常带有阴险的效果，暗示危险或狡诈。
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within words, for example, ‘The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain’. It can create internal rhyme, enhance mood and slow down the pace of reading.
谐元韵是单词内部元音音素的重复，例如“The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain”。它可以形成内部押韵，增强情绪，并放慢阅读节奏。
4. Onomatopoeia | 拟声词
Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate the sounds they describe: ‘buzz’, ‘crash’, ‘sizzle’, ‘whisper’. When used in writing, these words make the description more immersive, helping the reader ‘hear’ the action as it unfolds.
拟声词指模仿其所描述声音的词语：“buzz”、“crash”、“sizzle”、“whisper”。在写作中使用这些词能让描写更具沉浸感，帮助读者“听到”动作的展开。
For example, ‘The sausages sizzled in the pan’ not only tells us what is happening but also evokes the sound and aroma, making the scene feel alive.
例如，“香肠在平底锅里嘶嘶作响”不仅告诉我们发生了什么，还唤起声音和香气，使场景活灵活现。
5. Hyperbole and Understatement | 夸张与轻描淡写
Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or effect, such as ‘I have a million things to do’. It is not meant to be taken literally but rather to convey strong feelings or a sense of being overwhelmed.
夸张是一种用于强调或效果的极端夸大，例如“我有一百万件事要做”。它不是字面上的意思，而是为了传达强烈感受或不堪重负的状态。
Understatement, the opposite of hyperbole, deliberately makes something seem less important than it is. Saying ‘It is just a scratch’ about a large wound reduces its severity, often for ironic or humorous effect, or to display stoicism.
轻描淡写是夸张的反面，故意使某事显得不如其实际重要。对一大处伤口说“只是擦伤而已”降低了严重性，通常为达到讽刺、幽默效果或表现坚忍。
6. Irony: Verbal, Situational and Dramatic | 反讽：言语反讽、情境反讽与戏剧反讽
Verbal irony is when a speaker says the opposite of what they mean. If someone steps out into a storm and says ‘Lovely weather!’, the contrast between the words and reality highlights their frustration.
言语反讽指说话者所说的与其本意相反。如果某人走进暴风雨并说“天气真好！”，话语与现实的对比突显了其沮丧。
Situational irony occurs when the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what was expected. A fire station burning down is ironic because the place meant to fight fires becomes a victim of one.
情境反讽指情境的结果与预期相反。消防站被火烧毁是反讽的，因为本应灭火的地方却成了火灾的受害者。
Dramatic irony is when the audience knows something that the characters do not. In a horror film, when the audience sees the killer hiding in the closet but the character unknowingly opens it, tension is created through the reader’s privileged knowledge.
戏剧反讽指观众知道角色所不知道的事情。在恐怖片中，当观众看见杀手藏在衣柜里，而角色却毫不知情地打开它，这种读者拥有的特权知识制造了紧张感。
7. Imagery and Symbolism | 意象与象征
Imagery uses vivid descriptive language to appeal to the senses: sight, sound, taste, touch and smell. Phrases like ‘the crimson sun melted into the horizon’ create a strong visual image, enabling the reader to picture the scene clearly.
意象使用生动的描述性语言来调动感官：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉和嗅觉。像“深红色的太阳融入了地平线”这样的短语创造了强烈的视觉画面，让读者能清晰地想象景色。
Symbolism is the use of an object, colour or action to represent an abstract idea. For example, a dove often symbolises peace, while a journey might represent a character’s personal growth. Understanding symbols helps uncover deeper layers of meaning in a text.
象征是用物体、颜色或行为代表抽象概念。例如，鸽子常象征和平，而一段旅程可能代表角色的个人成长。理解象征有助于揭示文本更深层的含义。
8. Tone and Mood | 语气与氛围
Tone refers to the author’s attitude towards the subject or audience, conveyed through word choice and sentence structure. The tone can be formal, sarcastic, optimistic, regretful or angry. Recognising tone helps you infer the writer’s purpose and feelings.
语气指作者对主题或读者的态度，通过选词和句法传达。语气可以是正式的、讽刺的、乐观的、懊悔的或愤怒的。识别语气有助于推断作者的意图和情感。
Mood is the atmosphere a text creates for the reader. While a story’s tone might be sombre, the mood could be eerie, tense or melancholic. A horror writer may use short, sharp sentences and dark imagery to generate a mood of dread.
氛围是文本为读者营造的整体气氛。虽然故事的基调可能是阴郁的，但氛围可以是诡秘、紧张或忧伤的。恐怖作家可能使用短促、尖锐的句子和黑暗画面来制造恐惧的氛围。
9. Narrative Perspective | 叙事视角
First-person narrative uses ‘I’ or ‘we’, giving the reader direct access to a character’s thoughts and feelings. However, this perspective might be unreliable, as the narrator can only share their own limited view. Example: ‘I felt the cold seep into my bones.’
第一人称叙事使用“我”或“我们”，让读者直接进入角色的思想和感受。然而，这种视角可能不可靠，因为叙述者只能分享自己有限的看法。例如：“我感到寒意渗入骨髓。”
Third-person limited follows one character closely, using ‘he’, ‘she’ or ‘they’, but does not reveal everything; the reader only knows what that focal character knows. Third-person omniscient knows all characters’ thoughts and pasts, offering a broader view of the story.
第三人称有限视角紧密跟随一个角色，使用“他”、“她”或“他们”，但不揭示一切；读者只知道该聚焦角色所知道的事情。第三人称全知视角了解所有角色的想法和过往，提供故事更广阔的视野。
10. Oxymoron, Juxtaposition and Paradox | 矛盾修辞、并置与悖论
An oxymoron places two contradictory words together to create a compressed paradox, such as ‘bittersweet’ or ‘living dead’. This device can highlight complex emotions and capture conflicting ideas in a striking way.
矛盾修辞将两个相互矛盾的词语放在一起，形成凝练的悖论，如“bittersweet”或“living dead”。这种手法可以突出复杂情感，以引人注目的方式捕捉冲突的思想。
Juxtaposition is the placement of two contrasting ideas, characters or settings side by side to highlight their differences. In A Christmas Carol, Scrooge’s wealth is juxtaposed with the Cratchits’ poverty, sharpening the reader’s awareness of inequality.
并置是将两个对比鲜明的想法、人物或场景并排放置，以突出它们的差异。在《圣诞颂歌》中，斯克鲁奇的财富与克拉奇蒂家的贫困并置，加深了读者对不平等的认识。
A paradox is a statement that seems self-contradictory but contains a deeper truth, such as ‘Less is more’ or ‘The child is father of the man’. Such expressions force the reader to think beyond the surface and explore hidden meanings.
悖论是一种看似自相矛盾却蕴含深层真理的陈述，例如“少即是多”或“儿童是成人之父”。这类表述迫使读者超越表面思考，探索隐藏的意义。
11. Pathetic Fallacy and Foreshadowing | 感情误置与伏笔
Pathetic fallacy is the attribution of human emotions to nature or inanimate objects, often to reflect the inner state of a character. For example, a gloomy, rain-soaked landscape may mirror a protagonist’s sadness, intensifying the emotional impact.
感情误置是将人类情感赋予自然或无生命物体，通常用以反映角色的内心状态。例如，阴郁多雨的风景可能映照主角的悲伤，强化情感冲击力。
Foreshadowing is a hint or clue about what will happen later in the story. It might be a strange comment, a symbolic object or an unusual weather event. When used effectively, it builds anticipation and makes the eventual outcome feel inevitable.
伏笔是对故事后续发展的暗示或线索，可能是一个奇怪的评论、一件象征性物品或一种异常天气。高效运用伏笔能营造期待感，使最终结局显得水到渠成。
Published by TutorHao | English Revision Series | aleveler.com
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