📚 Year 10 WJEC History: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 10 WJEC 历史：关键术语速记指南
Mastering essential vocabulary is the first step to success in your Year 10 WJEC History course. This guide covers key terms from the Elizabethan Age and the American West, together with crucial historical skills terminology. For each term you will find a clear definition, paired with a simple memory trick to make revision quick and effective.
掌握基本词汇是 Year 10 WJEC 历史课程成功的第一步。本指南涵盖伊丽莎白时代和美国西部的关键术语，以及重要的历史技能词汇。每个术语都配有清晰的定义和简单的记忆技巧，助你高效复习。
1. Elizabethan Government | 伊丽莎白时代政府
Monarch – The reigning king or queen who held supreme authority in the Tudor state, though in practice they governed with the help of advisors.
君主 – 掌握都铎王朝最高统治权的国王或女王，实际上他们需借助顾问进行统治。
Tip: Think ‘mono’ meaning one; one ruler at the top.
记忆技巧：可联想“mono”表示单一，最高统治者仅一人。
Privy Council – A group of about 19 of the monarch’s most trusted advisors who met in private to discuss policy, security and finance.
枢密院 – 由大约 19 名君主最信任的顾问组成的团体，私下商议政策、安全和财政。
Tip: ‘Privy’ sounds like ‘private’; these were the monarch’s private advisors.
记忆技巧：“Privy”音似“private”，即君主的私人顾问。
Parliament – An assembly of the House of Lords and the House of Commons that had to be called by the monarch to approve taxes and pass laws.
议会 – 由上议院和下议院组成的会议，须由君主召集才能批准税收和通过法律。
Tip: Parliament is needed to ‘parley’ (talk) about money; think ‘parley-ment’.
记忆技巧：议会就是“谈话”要钱的地方，留意 parley 这个词根。
Royal Prerogative – The special powers and privileges belonging only to the monarch, such as declaring war and making treaties.
王室特权 – 仅属于君主的特殊权力和特权，例如宣战和缔结条约。
Tip: Think ‘pre’ (before) + ‘rogative’ (asking); the monarch does not need to ask anyone first.
记忆技巧：前缀“pre”表示先于，君主行事不必事先征求他人同意。
Patronage – The system of giving offices, lands or titles to loyal followers in return for political support.
政治恩赐 – 将官职、土地或称号授予忠诚追随者以换取政治支持的一套制度。
Tip: A ‘patron’ supports someone; think of a patron of the arts rewarding artists.
记忆技巧：“Patron”是赞助人，好比艺术赞助人奖赏艺术家。
2. Elizabethan Religious Settlement | 伊丽莎白宗教和解
Religious Settlement – The attempt by Elizabeth I to establish a moderate Protestant Church of England that most people could accept.
宗教和解 – 伊丽莎白一世试图建立一个温和的新教英格兰国教会，以便多数人能够接受。
Tip: ‘Settlement’ here means finding a middle ground to settle disputes.
记忆技巧：“Settlement”在此意为寻找中间立场以解决争端。
Act of Supremacy 1559 – This act made Elizabeth ‘Supreme Governor’ of the Church of England, giving her ultimate control over the church.
1559年至尊法案 – 该法案使伊丽莎白成为英格兰国教会的“最高管理者”，赋予她对教会的最高控制权。
Tip: ‘Supremacy’ = supreme ruler; Elizabeth is the church’s top boss.
记忆技巧：“Supremacy”意为至高无上，伊丽莎白就是教会的最高领导。
Act of Uniformity 1559 – The law that set out the order of church services and required everyone to use the new Book of Common Prayer.
1559年统一法案 – 规定教会礼拜内容并强制所有人使用新版《公共祈祷书》的法律。
Tip: ‘Uniform’ means same for everyone; the law made religious practice uniform.
记忆技巧：“Uniform”指所有人一致，法律使得宗教实践整齐划一。
Puritans – Strict Protestants who wanted to ‘purify’ the Church of England by removing all Catholic-style ceremonies and bishops.
清教徒 – 严格的新教徒，希望通过清除所有天主教式的仪式和主教来“净化”英格兰国教会。
Tip: The name says it all; they wanted a pure church.
记忆技巧：顾名思义，他们要一个纯净的教会。
Recusants – Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services, breaking the law and often facing fines.
抗拒国教者 – 拒绝参加英格兰国教会礼拜的天主教徒，此举违法并常被罚款。
Tip: Imagine someone saying ‘I recuse myself from your service’; they refuse to take part.
记忆技巧：想象有人说“我拒绝参与你们的礼拜”，recuse 就是拒绝。
3. Elizabethan Society | 伊丽莎白时代社会
Gentry – The class of landowners just below the nobility, who held local power as magistrates and Members of Parliament.
乡绅 – 仅次于贵族的土地所有者阶层，担任地方治安法官和议会议员，掌握地方权力。
Tip: A ‘gentleman’ was often of the gentry; remember ‘gent’ means landowning gent.
记忆技巧：一位“绅士”往往属于乡绅阶层，“gent”记住是拥有土地的体面人。
Yeoman – A farmer who owned his own land, typically wealthier than a tenant; often served in the militia.
自耕农 – 拥有自己土地的农民，通常比佃农富裕，常参加民兵。
Tip: Think ‘yo!’ as in a proud shout from an independent farmer: ‘Yo man! I own this land!’
记忆技巧：想象一位自豪的独立农民高喊“Yo!”，我是土地的主人！
Vagabond – A homeless person wandering from place to place, often viewed as a criminal and threat to order.
流浪汉 – 无家可归、到处流浪的人，常常被视为罪犯和对秩序的威胁。
Tip: ‘Vagabond’ has ‘vag’ like ‘vague’ or ‘wandering’; someone who wanders vaguely.
记忆技巧：“Vagabond”含“vag”，让人想起模糊飘忽的游荡。
Poor Law 1601 – The system that made parishes responsible for looking after their own poor, funded by a local tax called the poor rate.
1601年济贫法 – 规定教区有责任照管本区贫民，资金来源于地方税“济贫税”的制度。
Tip: Think ‘poor’ + ‘law’ = law to help the poor; and 1601 is the start, like a new century for poor relief.
记忆技巧：“Poor”+“Law”即为帮助穷人的法律；1601年代表济贫新纪元。
Apprentice – A young person who lived with a master to learn a trade for seven years, often bound by strict contracts.
学徒 – 与师傅同住学习手艺七年的年轻人，受严格契约约束。
Tip: An apprentice ‘applies’ to learn; think ‘apprentice = apply to learn a craft’.
记忆技巧：学徒要“申请”学习，apprentice 与 apply 形似。
4. Exploration and Trade | 探险与贸易
Privateer – A sailor with a licence from the monarch to attack and rob enemy ships, essentially a state-sanctioned pirate.
私掠船船长 – 持有君主颁发的许可证，可攻击和劫掠敌船的船员，实为国家支持的海盗。
Tip: ‘Private’ + ‘eer’ suggests a private individual authorised for war; not a navy officer.
记忆技巧：“Private”加“eer”表示私人受权参战，并非海军军官。
Joint-stock company – A business in which investors pool their money to fund voyages, sharing profits and risks. The Virginia Company is a famous example.
股份公司 – 投资人集资资助远航，共享利润、共担风险的企业。弗吉尼亚公司是著名例子。
Tip: Many people ‘join’ to put in ‘stock’ (money); hence joint-stock.
记忆技巧：多人“join”投入“stock”（资本），即为股份公司。
Colony – A settlement established in a distant land, controlled by and subject to the rules of the home country.
殖民地 – 在远方土地上建立、由母国控制并受其规则约束的定居点。
Tip: Think ‘column’ of settlers moving out; they form a colony.
记忆技巧：想象一队迁移者宛如“column”，他们建立殖民地。
Triangular Trade – A three-legged trading system linking Europe, Africa and the Americas, exchanging goods, slaves and raw materials.
三角贸易 – 连接欧洲、非洲和美洲的三程贸易体系，交换商品、奴隶和原材料。
Tip: Draw a triangle on the map; three points, three legs of the journey.
记忆技巧：在地图上画一个三角形，三个点，三段航程。
Spanish Armada – The massive fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England, defeated by a combination of English tactics and bad weather.
西班牙无敌舰队 – 1588年腓力二世派遣的庞大舰队，企图入侵英格兰，最终被英军战术和恶劣天气击败。
Tip: ‘Armada’ sounds like ‘army on the sea’; a fleet of armed ships.
记忆技巧：“Armada”听起来像“海上陆军”，即武装船队。
5. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada | 西班牙无敌舰队之败
Fire ships – Old ships set alight and sent towards the Armada to break its crescent formation, causing panic and scattering the fleet.
火攻船 – 点燃旧船并推向无敌舰队，以打破其新月阵形，引起恐慌并冲散舰队。
Tip: Think of a ship on fire; simple and terrifying.
记忆技巧：想象一艘燃烧的船，简单而可怕。
Protestant Wind – The strong gales that drove the Spanish ships northwards around Scotland, causing many to wreck on the rocky coasts.
新教之风 – 将西班牙船只向北吹绕苏格兰的强风，导致许多船只触礁沉没。
Tip: The English saw the storm as God helping the Protestant cause; hence the ‘Protestant Wind’.
记忆技巧：英格兰人视风暴为上帝帮助新教事业，故称“新教之风”。
Crescent formation – The tight, defensive half-moon shape the Armada adopted to protect its precious transport and supply ships.
新月阵形 – 无敌舰队采取的紧凑的半月形防御阵型，以保护宝贵的运输和补给船。
Tip: Look for the moon’s crescent shape; it curves around to protect the centre.
记忆技巧：想象月亮的弯月形状，弧形护卫中央。
Broadside – The simultaneous firing of all the cannons on one side of a ship; English ships used rapid broadsides to damage the Spanish.
舷侧齐射 – 舰队一侧所有大炮同时开火；英军舰船利用快速舷侧齐射重创西班牙舰队。
Tip: ‘Broad’ refers to the side, and ‘side’ is obvious; firing the broad side.
记忆技巧：“Broad”指宽阔的侧面，即从船侧齐射。
6. Plains Indians: Life and Beliefs | 平原印第安人：生活与信仰
Plains Indians – Native American tribes such as the Sioux, Cheyenne and Comanche who lived on the Great Plains, relying on buffalo for survival.
平原印第安人 – 居住在大平原上的美洲原住民部落，如苏族、夏延族和科曼奇族，以野牛为生。
Tip: Think ‘Plain’ land and Indians who adapted perfectly to that environment.
记忆技巧：“Plains”指平原，印第安人完美适应了那片广袤平地。
Nomadic – A way of life that involves moving from place to place to find food and resources; the Plains Indians followed the buffalo herds.
游牧的 – 一种为寻找食物和资源而不断迁徙的生活方式；平原印第安人跟随野牛群移动。
Tip: ‘No mad ic’ – no fixed house; they are always on the move.
记忆技巧：谐音“no mad ic”，没有固定居所，总在移动。
Buffalo – The large, shaggy animal that provided almost everything for the Plains Indians: food, clothing, shelter and tools.
野牛 – 为平原印第安人提供几乎一切所需的大型毛茸动物：食物、衣服、住所和工具。
Tip: Think ‘buff-old (buffalo) is the old way’ – it sustained life.
记忆技巧：“Buffalo”音似“buff-old”，代表古老的生活方式。
Tipi – A cone-shaped tent made of buffalo hides stretched over wooden poles, designed to be quickly assembled and dismantled.
圆锥帐篷 – 由野牛皮裹在木杆上制成的锥形帐篷，便于快速搭建和拆卸。
Tip: ‘Tipi’ sounds like ‘teepee’; picture a teepee with a tee (T) shaped door.
记忆技巧：“Tipi”一词让人直接想到帐篷的形状，顶尖底圆。
Tribal council – A group of respected elders and chiefs who made decisions for the band or tribe, relying on consensus rather than force.
部落议事会 – 由受尊敬的老人和酋长组成的团体，通过共识而非武力为部族做出决策。
Tip: ‘Council’ = a gathering to counsel (advise); decisions were made through talking.
记忆技巧：“Council”与“counsel”同根，指商讨建议的会议。
7. Westward Expansion: Settlement | 西进运动：定居
Manifest Destiny – The belief held by many white Americans that it was God’s will for the United States to expand across the entire continent.
天定命运 – 许多美国白人所持有的信念，即上帝旨意让美国扩张至整个大陆。
Tip: ‘Manifest’ means obvious; they thought destiny was clearly set to spread west.
记忆技巧：“Manifest”意即显而易见，认为向西扩张是昭然若揭的命运。
Homestead Act 1862 – A law that gave 160 acres of free land to any family that would farm it for five years, encouraging mass migration west.
1862年宅地法 – 规定任何家庭耕种五年即可免费获得160英亩土地的法律，鼓励了大规模西进。
Tip: A ‘home’ and a ‘stead’ (place) – you get a place to make a home.
记忆技巧：由“home”和“stead”（地方）组成，得到一个安家之处。
Sod house – A dwelling built from thick blocks of soil and grass roots because timber was scarce on the plains; also called a ‘soddy’.
土坯房 – 因平原木材稀少，用厚土块和草根砖建造的住所，亦称“索迪房”。
Tip: ‘Sod’ is the top layer of soil with grass; so the house is literally made of sod.
记忆技巧：“Sod”是带草的表层土，房子确由草土块砌成。
Exodusters – African Americans who migrated from the southern states to Kansas in the late 1870s to escape discrimination and claim land.
埃克斯特斯移居者 – 1870年代末从南部各州迁往堪萨斯州以逃离歧视并获取土地的非洲裔美国人。
Tip: Their journey was like a modern ‘Exodus’ from oppression; hence Exodusters.
记忆技巧：他们的旅程如同现代“出埃及记”，故得名Exodusters。
Subsistence farming – Growing only enough food to feed one’s own family, with little or no surplus to sell; common among early homesteaders.
自给农业 – 只种植足够养活自家人的粮食，几乎没有剩余可出售；早期自耕农多以此为生。
Tip: ‘Subsist’ means to survive; farming to subsist, not to profit.
记忆技巧：“Subsist”意为维持生存，耕作为了糊口而非盈利。
8. The Cattle Industry and Cowboys | 养牛业与牛仔
Cattle drive – The long journey cowboys made on horseback to move herds of cattle from the Texas ranges to railheads in Kansas.
赶牛长途迁徙 – 牛仔们骑马驱赶牛群从得克萨斯牧场前往堪萨斯铁路终点站的长途跋涉。
Tip: Imagine ‘driving’ a car, but instead it’s cattle; a cowboy drives cattle.
记忆技巧：想象“开车”，但这里牛仔“开的是牛群”。
Open range – Unfenced public grassland where cattle could graze freely; the system relied on cowboys and annual round-ups.
开放牧场 – 无围栏的公共草地，牛群可自由放牧；该制度依赖牛仔和年度围捕。
Tip: ‘Open’ means no fences; think of wide-open spaces where cattle roam.
记忆技巧：“Open”即无围栏，想象一望无际任由牛群漫步的旷野。
Round-up – The annual event in spring and autumn when cowboys gathered all the cattle in an area to sort them by owner and brand calves.
围捕 – 春秋两季牛仔们集中并分拣区域内所有牛只、烙印牛犊的年度活动。
Tip: They ’round up’ the cattle, bringing them into a circle; the term is still used today.
记忆技巧：他们“round up”牛群，将其围拢起来，这个说法沿用至今。
Branding – The permanent mark burned onto a cow’s hide using a hot iron to show ownership; each ranch had its own brand.
烙印 – 用烙铁在牛皮上烫出永久标记以表明所有权；每个牧场有自己的烙印。
Tip: A ‘brand’ is like a logo; burned into the skin so no one steals the cow.
记忆技巧：“Brand”如同标志，烙在皮肤上以防牛被偷走。
9. Law and Order in the West | 西部的法律与秩序
Sheriff – An elected law officer in a county who kept the peace, arrested wrongdoers and managed the county jail.
警长 – 县里民选的治安官，负责维持和平、逮捕罪犯并管理县监狱。
Tip: Often shown with a star badge; a sheriff ‘shepherds’ the town’s safety, with ‘sher’ sounding like ‘share’ of the law.
记忆技巧：常见戴星形徽章，sheriff 可联想为“守”护治安的人。
Marshal – A federal law officer appointed to enforce laws across a large territory, often dealing with dangerous outlaws.
联邦执法官 – 由联邦任命的负责在广大区域内执法的官员，常与危险逃犯打交道。
Tip: ‘Marshal’ reminds you of ‘martial’ (military); they had more authority and a wider area.
记忆技巧：“Marshal”令人联想到“martial”（军事的），他们权力更大、辖区更广。
Vigilante – A person who takes the law into their own hands, joining an unofficial group to punish suspected criminals without trial.
治安维持会成员 – 擅自执法之人，加入非官方团体不经审判惩罚嫌犯。
Tip: ‘Vigil’ means watch; vigilantes stay awake to ‘watch’ over justice themselves.
记忆技巧：“Vigil”意为守夜监视，vigilante 自行监视并伸张正义。
Barbed wire – Wire with sharp points at intervals, invented in 1874, which ended the open range by allowing homesteaders to fence off their land cheaply.
铁丝网 – 1874年发明的带有尖刺的铁丝，使自耕农能廉价围起土地，终结了开放牧场。
Tip: ‘Barb’ is a sharp hook; imagine a wire with nasty barbs that cut cattle.
记忆技巧：“Barb”指倒钩，想象布满尖刺、割伤牛只的铁丝。
Claim jumping – The illegal act of seizing land already claimed by a homesteader, leading to many disputes and the need for land officers.
抢占地块 – 抢夺宅地农已登记地块的非法行为，引发大量争端并催生土地官员。
Tip: Think ‘jump’ as in jumping onto someone else’s land claim; very unfair.
记忆技巧：“Jump”如同跳上别人的土地，粗暴抢夺。
10. Key Historical Skills Terms | 关键历史技能术语
Primary source – A piece of evidence created at the time of the event, such as a diary, photograph, artefact or official record.
第一手史料 – 事件发生同时期产生的证据，如日记、照片、文物或官方记录。
Tip: ‘Primary’ = first; the first-hand account from the period.
记忆技巧：“Primary”即第一，来自当时的第一手记述。
Secondary source – An account or interpretation of the past produced after the time, such as a textbook, documentary or historian’s book.
第二手史料 – 事件之后产生的叙述或解释，如教科书、纪录片或历史学家的著作。
Tip: ‘Secondary’ means second; it comes second, after the event.
记忆技巧：“Secondary”意为第二，事件发生后才出现。
Interpretation – The way a historian explains the past; different historians can offer different interpretations of the same event based on their viewpoint.
历史诠释 – 历史学家解释过去的方式；基于不同视角，不同史学家对同一事件可有不同诠释。
Tip: An artist ‘interprets’ a scene; historians interpret evidence.
记忆技巧：如同画家“诠释”风景，史学家诠释史料。
Chronology – The arrangement of events in the order they occurred; understanding chronology is essential to explaining cause and consequence.
年代顺序 – 按发生时间排列事件的次序；理解年代顺序是解释因果关系的基石。
Tip: ‘Chrono’ means time (like a chronometer = a clock); so chronology = time order.
记忆技巧：“Chrono”意为时间（如天文钟chronometer），chronology 即时间顺序。
Enquiry question – A focused question that guides historical research, such as ‘Why was the Spanish Armada defeated in 1588?’
探究问题 – 指导历史研究的具体问题，如“西班牙无敌舰队为何于1588年战败？”
Tip: An enquiry is something you ask; history is built on asking good questions.
记忆技巧：Enquiry 即提问，历史学立足于提出好问题。
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