📚 Year 10 WJEC PE: Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | 威尔士联合考试局 Year 10 体育：单元测验模拟卷解析
Welcome to our detailed walkthrough of a Year 10 WJEC Physical Education unit test mock paper. This article breaks down typical exam-style questions and provides model answers with clear explanations to help you master the key concepts and refine your exam technique. We will cover anatomy, physiology, fitness components, training principles, nutrition, goal setting, and data interpretation – all essential for your WJEC GCSE PE journey.
欢迎阅读 Year 10 威尔士联合考试局体育单元测验模拟卷的详细解析。本文拆解典型的考试风格题目，提供标准答案与清晰解释，助你掌握核心概念并提升考试技巧。我们将涵盖解剖学、生理学、体能要素、训练原则、营养、目标设定和数据解读——这些都是你 WJEC GCSE 体育学习之路上的关键内容。
1. Skeletal System: Bones and Functions | 骨骼系统：骨骼与功能
Mock questions often ask you to identify bones from a diagram and describe the main functions of the skeleton. A common prompt is: ‘List four functions of the skeletal system.’ The skeleton provides support, keeping the body upright; protection of vital organs such as the brain, heart and lungs; movement by providing anchor points for muscles across joints; mineral storage, particularly calcium and phosphorus; and blood cell production in the bone marrow (haematopoiesis).
模拟题常要求你从图中识别骨骼并描述骨骼的主要功能。常见的题目是：“列出骨骼系统的四项功能。”骨骼提供支撑，保持身体直立；保护重要器官，如大脑、心脏和肺；通过关节处为肌肉提供附着点实现运动；矿物质储存，尤其是钙和磷；以及在骨髓中生成血细胞（造血作用）。
You may also be given a labelled or unlabelled diagram of the upper body and asked to name bones. The clavicle (collar bone) runs horizontally across the top of the chest; the scapula (shoulder blade) lies on the upper back; the humerus is the single bone of the upper arm; the radius and ulna are the two bones in the forearm, with the radius positioned on the thumb side. Knowing the precise locations and spellings is vital.
你也可能面对一幅上半身骨骼图（标注或未标注），要求写出骨骼名称。锁骨（collar bone）横过胸腔顶部；肩胛骨（shoulder blade）位于上背部；肱骨是上臂的唯一骨块；桡骨和尺骨是前臂的两根骨头，桡骨在拇指侧。准确掌握位置和拼写至关重要。
2. Muscular System: Muscle Types and Antagonistic Pairs | 肌肉系统：肌肉类型与拮抗肌对
Questions on the muscular system often differentiate between the three muscle types. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is involuntary; smooth muscle lines the walls of internal organs such as the intestines and blood vessels, also involuntary; and skeletal muscle is attached to bones and under voluntary control, responsible for movement. WJEC exams specifically test your ability to name these types and give examples.
关于肌肉系统的问题经常要求区分三种肌肉类型。心肌仅存在于心脏，不受意识控制；平滑肌分布在内脏器官如肠道和血管壁，同样不随意；而骨骼肌附着于骨骼，受意识支配，负责运动。WJEC 考试专门考查你命名这些类型并举例的能力。
Another key topic is antagonistic muscle action. In any coordinated movement, muscles work in pairs: the agonist (prime mover) contracts while the antagonist relaxes. In a bicep curl, during the lifting phase the biceps brachii is the agonist and the triceps brachii is the antagonist. During the lowering phase, this reverses – the triceps becomes the agonist to control the descent. Examiners often ask you to identify the agonist and antagonist at a specific joint, such as the elbow or knee.
另一个关键主题是拮抗肌工作。在任何协调运动中，肌肉成对工作：主动肌（原动肌）收缩，拮抗肌放松。在二头弯举中，上举阶段肱二头肌为主动肌，肱三头肌为拮抗肌。下放阶段则交换——肱三头肌成为主动肌以控制下降。考官常要求你指出特定关节（如肘或膝）的主动肌和拮抗肌。
3. Cardiovascular System: Heart Rate and Cardiac Output | 心血管系统：心率与心输出量
In the mock exam you will almost certainly be asked to define heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output, and to explain the relationship among them. Heart rate (HR) is the number of beats per minute. Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute. The relationship is given by the equation:
模拟考试中你几乎一定会被要求定义心率、每搏输出量和心输出量，并解释它们之间的关系。心率（HR）是每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量（SV）是每次心跳左心室泵出的血液量。心输出量（Q）是每分钟心脏泵出的血液总量。其关系由下式给出：
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率
During exercise, both heart rate and stroke volume increase, so cardiac output rises significantly to deliver more oxygen to working muscles. A trained athlete often has a larger stroke volume both at rest and during exercise, meaning they can achieve a higher cardiac output with a lower heart rate than an untrained person. You should be able to use the equation to calculate missing values, e.g. if HR = 75 bpm and SV = 80 ml, then Q = 6,000 ml/min (or 6 litres/min).
运动时，心率和每搏输出量均增加，因此心输出量大幅上升，为工作肌肉输送更多氧气。有训练基础的运动员在静息和运动时通常拥有更大的每搏输出量，这意味着他们可以以较低的心率达到更高的心输出量。你需要能用公式计算缺失值，例如若 HR=75 次/分，SV=80 毫升，则 Q=6000 毫升/分（或6升/分）。
4. Respiratory System: Breathing Mechanics and Lung Volumes | 呼吸系统：呼吸机制与肺容积
Exam questions frequently test your understanding of how we breathe in (inspiration) and out (expiration). During inspiration at rest, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the external intercostal muscles contract, raising the rib cage. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreases the internal pressure, and air rushes into the lungs. During exercise, additional accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid may assist to increase the depth of breathing.
考试题经常测验你对吸气和呼气机制的理解。静息吸气时，膈肌收缩并变平，外肋间肌收缩，抬高肋骨。这增大了胸腔容积，降低了内部压力，空气涌入肺部。运动时，胸锁乳突肌等辅助吸气肌也可能参与，以进一步加深呼吸深度。
You should also be able to interpret a spirometer trace showing tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Tidal volume is the amount of air breathed in or out per breath at rest – typically about 0.5 litres. During exercise, tidal volume increases, and breathing rate (frequency) rises from around 12–15 breaths/min at rest to 35–45 breaths/min or more. The increase in both components boosts minute ventilation (breathing rate × tidal volume). Gas exchange takes place at the alveoli, where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
你还需要能解读肺功能图，其中显示潮气量、肺活量、补吸气量和补呼气量。潮气量指静息时每次呼吸吸入或呼出的气体量——通常约0.5升。运动时潮气量增加，呼吸频率（频率）从静息时的约12–15次/分升至35–45次/分甚至更高。两者增加共同提高了每分通气量（呼吸频率 × 潮气量）。气体交换在肺泡进行：氧气扩散入血，二氧化碳扩散出。
5. Components of Health-Related Fitness | 健康相关的体能要素
A classic five-mark question asks you to name and describe the health-related fitness components and explain how they benefit a performer’s health. The five components are: cardiovascular endurance – the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen over a prolonged period; muscular strength – the maximum force a muscle or group can exert; muscular endurance – the ability to repeat muscle contractions without fatigue; flexibility – the range of movement possible at a joint; and body composition – the proportion of fat, muscle and bone in the body.
一个经典的五分题要求你列举并描述健康相关体能要素，并说明它们如何有益于运动者的健康。五个要素分别是：心血管耐力——心脏和肺部在长时间内供应氧气的能力；肌肉力量——一块或一组肌肉可施加的最大力量；肌肉耐力——肌肉重复收缩而不易疲劳的能力；柔韧性——关节可能的活动范围；以及身体成分——体内脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的比例。
In your answer, always link each component to a health benefit and a sporting example. For cardiovascular endurance, you might say a marathon runner needs excellent cardiovascular endurance to sustain a prolonged effort and reduce risk of heart disease. For body composition, a healthy balance of lean mass to fat mass reduces obesity risk and improves agility in sports like football. Use WJEC terminology and avoid mixing up with skill-related components.
作答时，一定要将每个要素与健康益处和运动范例联系起来。对于心血管耐力，你可以说马拉松选手需要优秀的心血管耐力来维持长时间运动并降低心脏病风险。对于身体成分，瘦体重与脂肪的平衡比例可降低肥胖风险，并提升足球等运动中的敏捷性。请使用WJEC术语，避免与技能相关要素混淆。
6. Components of Skill-Related Fitness | 技能相关的体能要素
The skill-related fitness components are: agility – the ability to change direction quickly and accurately; balance – the maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support; coordination – the ability to use two or more body parts smoothly and efficiently; power – a combination of strength and speed (explosive strength); reaction time – the time taken to respond to a stimulus; and speed – the rate at which a movement or distance is covered.
技能相关体能要素包括：敏捷性——快速准确地变向的能力；平衡——在支撑面上方维持质心的能力；协调性——流畅高效地运用两个或以上身体部位的能力；爆发力——力量与速度的结合（爆发力量）；反应时——对刺激作出反应所需的时间；以及速度——完成动作或移动覆盖距离的速率。
Exam questions often present a sporting scenario and ask you to identify the most important skill-related component. For example, a gymnast performing on a beam relies heavily on balance. A 100 m sprinter leaving the blocks requires excellent reaction time and speed. A badminton player lunging to the net needs agility and coordination. Practise linking each component to at least two specific sports to ensure you can answer precisely.
考试常给出运动场景，要求你指出最重要的技能相关要素。例如，在平衡木上做动作的体操运动员高度依赖平衡。百米短跑手起跑需要出色的反应时和速度。羽毛球运动员上网扑救需要敏捷性和协调性。练习将每个要素与至少两项具体运动联系起来，确保你能准确回答。
7. Principles of Training: FITT and Additional Principles | 训练原则：FITT 及其他原则
WJEC expects you to explain and apply the FITT principle and the broader principles of training. FITT stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type. For example, to improve cardiovascular fitness, a training programme could use: Frequency – 3 times a week; Intensity – 65–80% of maximum heart rate; Time – 30 minutes per session; Type – continuous running or cycling. Knowing how to alter each variable to suit different goals is important.
WJEC 要求你解释并应用 FITT 原则及更广泛的训练原则。FITT 代表频率（Frequency）、强度（Intensity）、时间（Time）和类型（Type）。例如，为提升心血管适能，训练计划可设定：频率——每周3次；强度——最大心率的65–80%；时间——每次30分钟；类型——持续跑步或骑行。了解如何针对不同目标调整每个变量至关重要。
Additional principles include Specificity – training must match the demands of the sport; Progressive overload – gradually increasing stress to force adaptation; Reversibility – fitness gains are lost when training stops; and Tedium – avoiding boredom by varying training. These are often remembered as SPORT or SPORR. A typical exam question might give a performer’s training schedule and ask you to identify which principle is missing or breached.
其他原则包括专门性——训练必须与运动需求匹配；渐进超负荷——逐步增加压力以促使适应；可逆性——停训后体能增益会消退；以及乏味性——通过多样化训练避免枯燥。这些常被记为 SPORT 或 SPORR。典型的考试题可能给出一位运动员的训练安排，要求你指出缺失或违背了哪条原则。
8. Nutrition and Hydration for Performance | 营养与水分补充对运动表现的影响
You need to know the roles of macronutrients in exercise. Carbohydrates are the body’s preferred fuel for high-intensity activity and are stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver. Fats provide energy for low-intensity, long-duration exercise. Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth but is not a primary energy source. A balanced sports diet typically derives 55–60% of energy from carbohydrates, 20–25% from fats and the remainder from protein.
你需要了解宏量营养素在运动中的作用。碳水化合物是高强度运动时身体的首选燃料，以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。脂肪为低强度长时间运动供能。蛋白质对肌肉修复和生长至关重要，但并非主要能量来源。均衡的运动膳食通常有55–60%的能量来自碳水化合物，20–25%来自脂肪，其余来自蛋白质。
Hydration is equally critical. Even slight dehydration (as little as 2% body weight loss) can impair performance, causing reduced strength, slower reaction times and poor decision-making. Water regulates body temperature through sweating. WJEC questions may ask you to describe the effects of dehydration on the cardiovascular system, such as increased heart rate and thicker blood viscosity, making the heart work harder. Aim to drink small amounts frequently before, during and after exercise.
水合作用同样关键。即使是轻微脱水（体重减轻仅2%）也可能损害运动表现，导致力量下降、反应变慢、决策能力变差。水通过出汗调节体温。WJEC 问题可能要求你描述脱水对心血管系统的影响，如心率加快、血液黏稠度上升，使心脏工作负担加重。应在运动前、中、后小口多次补水。
9. Goal Setting: SMART Targets | 目标设定：SMART 原则
Goal setting is a common sports psychology topic in the WJEC specification. You must know the SMART acronym: Specific – clear, detailed goal; Measurable – can be quantified; Achievable – realistic given the performer’s ability; Recorded – written down so progress can be tracked; and Time-bound – has a deadline. Some variations use ‘Agreed’ or ‘Challenging’, but WJEC typically uses ‘Recorded’ in line with the principal examiner reports.
目标设定是 WJEC 考纲中常见的运动心理学主题。你必须掌握 SMART 缩写：具体的（Specific）——目标清晰详细；可测量的（Measurable）——可量化；可实现的（Achievable）——结合运动员能力是现实的；已记录的（Recorded）——写下以便跟踪进展；以及有时限的（Time-bound）——有完成期限。部分版本中使用’Agreed’或’Challenging’，但 WJEC 通常依据考官报告采用’Recorded’。
For example, ‘I want to improve my 1500 m time’ is not SMART. A SMART version would be: ‘Improve my 1500 m personal best from 5 min 30 sec to 5 min 10 sec by the end of the summer term, and I will record my training sessions in a logbook.’ In your answer, always explain why each element is important – specificity avoids vagueness, measurability allows tracking, achievable keeps motivation, recording creates accountability, and a deadline prevents procrastination.
例如，“我想提高1500米成绩”不够 SMART。符合 SMART 的版本是：“在夏季学期末将1500米个人最好成绩从5分30秒提高到5分10秒，并将训练记录在日志中。”作答时，务必解释每个要素为何重要——具体性避免模糊，可测量性便于跟踪，可实现性维持动力，记录产生责任感，时间限制防止拖延。
10. Interpreting Heart Rate Data During Exercise | 运动中心率数据的解读
A data-response question might present a graph showing a performer’s heart rate before, during and after a training session. You should be able to identify the resting heart rate (typically 60–80 bpm for an untrained person, lower for a trained one), the anticipatory rise just before activity due to adrenaline, a steady increase during the warm-up, the target heart rate zone during the main activity, and the cool-down where heart rate gradually returns towards resting levels.
数据反应题可能给出一幅图表，显示某运动员在训练课前、中、后的心率变化。你需要能识别静息心率（未经训练者通常为60–80次/分，训练者更低）、活动即将开始前因肾上腺素导致的预期性上升、热身阶段稳步加快、主活动期间处于目标心率区间，以及整理活动中心率逐渐回落至静息水平。
You may also be asked to calculate maximum heart rate using the simple formula:
HRmax = 220 – age
你或许被要求用简单公式计算最大心率：
最大心率 = 220 – 年龄
For a 15-year-old, HRmax = 205 bpm. A target zone of 60–80% intensity would be 123–164 bpm. When interpreting a graph, also discuss recovery rate – how quickly the heart rate drops after exercise. A faster recovery indicates better cardiovascular fitness. In your answer, compare the actual trace to expected values and use precise terminology such as ‘steady state’, ‘oxygen debt’, and ‘EPOC’.
对一名15岁学生，最大心率=205次/分。60–80%强度的目标区间为123–164次/分。解读图表时，还应讨论恢复速率——运动后心率多快回落。恢复越快表明心血管适能越好。作答时，要将实际曲线与预期值对比，并用精确术语如“稳定状态”、“氧亏”和“运动后过量氧耗”。
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