📚 Year 10 WJEC Physics: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 10 WJEC 物理：核心知识点梳理
Year 10 is the foundational stage of the WJEC GCSE Physics course, where you build a solid understanding of essential concepts from energy and electricity to waves and radioactivity. This article provides a structured revision guide covering the key areas you will encounter, with practical applications and exam-focused explanations to support your learning.
Year 10 是 WJEC GCSE 物理学的基础阶段，你将在此学习能量、电学、波动和放射性等核心概念。本文提供一份结构化的复习指南，涵盖你将遇到的关键领域，并结合实际应用和考试重点进行解释，帮助你更好地掌握知识。
1. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy can be stored in various forms such as kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic, nuclear, and thermal energy. Whenever a system changes, energy is transferred between these stores. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred or dissipated.
能量可以以多种形式储存，例如动能、重力势能、化学能、弹性势能、核能和内能。当系统发生变化时，能量会在这些储存方式之间转移。能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能被创造也不会被消灭，只能被转移或耗散。
The amount of energy in a kinetic store depends on mass and speed: KE = ½ × m × v². Gravitational potential energy is given by GPE = m × g × h, where g is the gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg on Earth).
动能的多少取决于质量和速度：动能 = ½ × m × v²。重力势能的计算公式为 重力势能 = m × g × h，其中 g 为重力场强度（地球表面约为 9.8 N/kg）。
2. Specific Heat Capacity | 比热容
Specific heat capacity (c) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. Materials with a high specific heat capacity, such as water, can absorb a lot of energy without a large temperature rise, which is useful for thermal regulation.
比热容 (c) 是指将 1 千克物质温度升高 1°C 所需的能量。比热容高的材料（如水）可以吸收大量能量而温度上升较小，这有助于热调节。
The energy change is calculated using: ΔE = m × c × Δθ, where ΔE is energy in joules, m is mass in kg, c in J/kg°C, and Δθ is the temperature change in °C.
能量变化通过公式 ΔE = m × c × Δθ 计算，其中 ΔE 为能量（焦耳），m 为质量（千克），c 为比热容（J/kg°C），Δθ 为温度变化（°C）。
3. Electricity: Current, Voltage and Resistance | 电学：电流、电压与电阻
Electric current (I) is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). In a circuit, current flows from the positive to the negative terminal of a cell. For current to flow, there must be a complete circuit and a source of potential difference (voltage).
电流 (I) 是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培 (A)。在电路中，电流从电池的正极流向负极。电流流动需要完整的电路和电势差（电压）源。
Charge, current and time are linked by: Q = I × t. Voltage (V) measures the energy transferred per unit charge and is given by: V = E / Q. Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current and is defined by Ohm’s Law: R = V / I, where R is in ohms (Ω).
电荷、电流和时间的关系为：Q = I × t。电压 (V) 表示每单位电荷转移的能量，公式为：V = E / Q。电阻 (R) 阻碍电流流动，欧姆定律定义为：R = V / I，电阻单位为欧姆 (Ω)。
4. Series and Parallel Circuits | 串联与并联电路
In a series circuit, components are connected end to end. The current is the same at all points, but the voltage is divided across the components. The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + …
在串联电路中，元件首尾相连。电流处处相等，但电压被分配到各元件上。总电阻等于各电阻之和：Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + …
In a parallel circuit, components are connected in separate branches. The voltage across each branch is the same as the source voltage, while the current splits at junctions. The total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance and is given by: 1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
在并联电路中，元件连接在独立支路上。各支路电压相同，等于电源电压，而电流在节点处分流。总电阻小于最小的单个电阻，计算公式为：1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
| Series Circuit | Parallel Circuit |
| Same current everywhere | Same voltage across each branch |
| Voltage splits across components | Current splits between branches |
| Total R = R₁ + R₂ + … | 1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … |
5. Power and Energy Transfer in Circuits | 电路中的功率与能量转移
Electrical power (P) is the rate of energy transfer, measured in watts (W). It can be calculated using the equation: P = I × V. Combining this with Ohm’s Law gives P = I² × R and P = V² / R.
电功率 (P) 是能量转移的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)。它可通过公式 P = I × V 计算。结合欧姆定律可得 P = I² × R 和 P = V² / R。
The total energy transferred by a device depends on the power and the time it is used: E = P × t. Electricity meters record the energy used in kilowatt-hours (kWh), where 1 kWh is the energy used by a 1000 W device for 1 hour.
设备转移的总能量取决于功率和使用时间：E = P × t。电表以千瓦时 (kWh) 记录用电量，1 kWh 即为 1000 W 的电器工作 1 小时消耗的能量。
6. Wave Properties | 波的性质
Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter. There are two main types: transverse waves (e.g. light, water ripples) where oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, and longitudinal waves (e.g. sound) where oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
波在传递能量的同时不传递物质。波有两种主要类型：横波（如光波、水波），振动方向与能量传播方向垂直；纵波（如声波），振动方向与能量传播方向平行。
Key wave quantities include wavelength (λ), frequency (f), amplitude (A), and wave speed (v). The relationship is: v = f × λ. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) and represents the number of complete waves passing a point per second.
波的关键物理量包括波长 (λ)、频率 (f)、振幅 (A) 和波速 (v)。它们的关系为：v = f × λ。频率单位为赫兹 (Hz)，表示每秒通过某点的完整波数。
7. Electromagnetic Waves | 电磁波
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel at the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s) and do not require a medium. The electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency (decreasing wavelength), includes: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
电磁波是真空下以光速 (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s) 传播的横波，不需要介质。电磁波谱按频率递增（波长递减）顺序为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。
Different parts of the spectrum have different uses and hazards: radio waves for communications, microwaves for cooking and satellite transmission, infrared for heating and remote controls, visible light for seeing, ultraviolet for tanning but can cause skin cancer, X-rays for medical imaging, and gamma rays for sterilisation and cancer treatment but are highly ionising.
不同波段的用途和危害各异：无线电波用于通信，微波用于烹饪和卫星传输，红外线用于加热和遥控，可见光用于视觉，紫外线用于美黑但可导致皮肤癌，X 射线用于医学成像，伽马射线用于杀菌和癌症治疗但电离能力极强。
8. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度
The particle model explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases. In solids, particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate about fixed positions. In liquids, particles are close but can move past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds.
粒子模型解释了固体、液体和气体的性质。固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则结构并在固定位置振动。液体中，粒子紧密但可相互滑动。气体中，粒子相距很远并高速随机运动。
Density (ρ) is mass per unit volume: ρ = m / V, where m is mass in kg and V is volume in m³. The density of a material determines whether it will float or sink in a fluid; an object less dense than the fluid will float.
密度 (ρ) 是单位体积的质量：ρ = m / V，其中 m 为质量（千克），V 为体积（立方米）。材料的密度决定了它在流体中的沉浮；比流体密度小的物体会浮起。
9. Internal Energy and Changes of State | 内能与物态变化
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of the particles in a substance. Heating a substance increases its internal energy, which may raise its temperature or cause a change of state. During a change of state, the temperature remains constant while the substance melts, boils or condenses.
内能是物质中粒子动能和势能的总和。加热物质会增加其内能，这可能导致温度升高或发生物态变化。在物态变化过程中，温度保持不变，如熔化、沸腾或冷凝时。
The energy needed to change 1 kg of a solid to liquid at its melting point is the specific latent heat of fusion (Lf). The energy needed to change 1 kg of liquid to gas at its boiling point is the specific latent heat of vaporisation (Lv). The energy transferred is: E = m × L.
使 1 千克固体在熔点变为液体所需的能量称为比熔化潜热 (Lf)。使 1 千克液体在沸点变为气体所需的能量称为比汽化潜热 (Lv)。转移的能量为：E = m × L。
10. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性
Atoms consist of a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons on energy shells. An atom is neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons. The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons, while the atomic number is the number of protons.
原子由原子核和核外电子构成，原子核包含带正电的质子和不带电的中子，核外电子在能级壳层上。原子呈电中性，因为质子数等于电子数。质量数为质子与中子数之和，原子序数为质子数。
Some nuclei are unstable and emit radiation to become more stable. The three main types of nuclear radiation are alpha particles (helium nuclei, highly ionising but low penetration), beta particles (fast electrons, moderately ionising and penetrating), and gamma rays (electromagnetic waves, weakly ionising but very penetrating).
一些原子核不稳定，通过发出辐射变得更加稳定。三种主要核辐射是：α 粒子（氦核，电离能力强但穿透力弱）、β 粒子（高速电子，电离能力和穿透力中等）和 γ 射线（电磁波，电离能力弱但穿透力极强）。
11. Half-Life and Applications | 半衰期与应用
Half-life is the time taken for half of the unstable nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay. It is constant for a given isotope and is unaffected by temperature, pressure or chemical state. Understanding half-life helps in dating ancient materials and managing nuclear waste.
半衰期是指放射性样本中一半不稳定原子核发生衰变所需的时间。对于给定同位素，半衰期是恒定的，不受温度、压力或化学状态影响。了解半衰期有助于测定古物年龄和管理核废料。
Radioactive isotopes are used in medicine (e.g. iodine-131 for thyroid treatment, technetium-99m for imaging), industry (e.g. thickness monitoring, leak detection) and household smoke alarms (americium-241 emits alpha particles). Safety precautions include shielding, limiting exposure time, and using remote handling.
放射性同位素应用于医学（如碘-131 治疗甲状腺，锝-99m 用于成像）、工业（如厚度监控、泄漏检测）和家用烟雾报警器（镅-241 发射 α 粒子）。安全措施包括屏蔽、缩短接触时间以及远程操作。
12. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or pull that can change the shape, speed or direction of an object. Forces are vector quantities, having both magnitude and direction, and are measured in newtons (N). The resultant force determines the overall effect on an object’s motion.
力是推或拉，可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向。力是矢量，既有大小又有方向，单位为牛顿 (N)。合力决定了物体运动的整体效果。
Newton’s First Law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. Newton’s Second Law links force, mass and acceleration: F = m × a. Newton’s Third Law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
牛顿第一定律指出，物体在不受合力作用时保持静止或匀速直线运动。牛顿第二定律将力、质量和加速度联系起来：F = m × a。牛顿第三定律指出，每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。
On a straight road, braking distance is affected by speed, road conditions and vehicle mass. Thinking distance depends on driver reaction time. Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance.
在平直道路上，制动距离受速度、路面状况和车辆质量影响。反应距离取决于驾驶员的反应时间。停车距离 = 反应距离 + 制动距离。
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