📚 Year 10 WJEC Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 10年级WJEC物理词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the exact definitions of key terms is half the battle in GCSE Physics. This bilingual guide pairs WJEC-specific physics vocabulary with memory-friendly explanations in both English and Chinese, helping you build confidence for your Year 10 assessments. Use each term’s definition to check your understanding and practise recalling the Chinese meaning from the English term, and vice versa.
掌握关键术语的准确定义是学好GCSE物理的重要一步。这份双语指南将WJEC物理特有的词汇与中英双语中便于记忆的解释配对，帮助你在10年级测评中建立信心。请用每个术语的定义检查自己的理解，并练习看着英文术语说出中文含义，反之亦然。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Displacement is distance in a given direction. It is a vector quantity, so it has both magnitude and direction. The SI unit is the metre (m).
位移是给定方向上的距离。它是一个矢量，既有大小也有方向。国际单位是米(m)。
Velocity is speed in a particular direction. Like displacement, it is a vector. Average velocity = displacement ÷ time.
速度是特定方向上的速率。与位移一样，它也是矢量。平均速度 = 位移 ÷ 时间。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is a vector quantity and is calculated as change in velocity divided by time. The formula is:
加速度是速度的变化率。它是一个矢量，用速度变化量除以时间来计算。公式为：
a = (v − u) / t
where v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, and t is time. The unit is m/s².
其中 v 是末速度，u 是初速度，t 是时间。单位是米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。
2. Newton’s Laws of Motion | 牛顿运动定律
Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external resultant force.
牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）：物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非受到外来的合力作用。
Newton’s Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. This is summarised by the equation:
牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度与作用在它上的合外力成正比，与它的质量成反比。可以概括为方程：
F = m a
where F is the resultant force in newtons (N), m is mass in kg, and a is acceleration in m/s².
其中 F 是合外力（牛顿 N），m 是质量（kg），a 是加速度（m/s²）。
Newton’s Third Law: For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. These forces act on different objects.
牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。这两个力作用在不同的物体上。
3. Types of Forces | 力的种类
Weight (W) is the force of gravity on an object. It is measured in newtons and calculated by W = m g, where g is the gravitational field strength (approximately 9.8 N/kg on Earth).
重量是作用在物体上的重力，单位是牛顿，计算公式为 W = m g，其中 g 是重力场强度（地球上约为 9.8 N/kg）。
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (e.g. walking) or unwanted (e.g. causing wear).
摩擦力是阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它可能是有用的（如行走时），也可能是不希望出现的（如造成磨损）。
Tension is the pulling force transmitted through a string, cable or chain when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends.
张力是通过绳子、缆绳或链条传递的拉力，当两端受到相反方向的力拉紧时产生。
Normal reaction force is the support force exerted by a surface on an object resting on it, acting perpendicular to the surface.
法向反作用力是支撑面对放在其上的物体施加的支持力，方向垂直于接触面。
4. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. It depends on mass and speed:
动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量。它取决于质量和速度：
KE = ½ m v²
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is the energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field, given by GPE = m g h, where h is the height above a reference level.
重力势能是物体由于在重力场中的位置而储存的能量，由 GPE = m g h 给出，其中 h 为相对于参考水平面的高度。
Conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy of a closed system remains constant.
能量守恒：能量可以被有效转移、储存或耗散，但不能被创造或消灭。一个孤立系统的总能量保持不变。
Work done (W) is the energy transferred when a force moves an object. W = F d, where d is the distance moved in the direction of the force. Work and energy are both measured in joules (J).
所做的功是力使物体移动时转移的能量。W = F d，其中 d 是沿力的方向移动的距离。功和能量都以焦耳 (J) 为单位。
5. Power and Efficiency | 功率与效率
Power (P) is the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. It is measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s. The equation is P = E / t or P = W / t.
功率 (P) 是能量转移或做功的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。公式为 P = E / t 或 P = W / t。
Efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy (or power) to total input energy (or power). It can be expressed as a decimal or percentage and is never greater than 1 (or 100%).
效率是有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量（或功率）的比值。可以用小数或百分比表示，且永远不大于1（或100%）。
Efficiency = useful output energy / total input energy
Wasted energy is typically dissipated as thermal energy, heating the surroundings.
浪费的能量通常以热能的形式耗散，使周围环境温度升高。
6. Waves Properties | 波的性质
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position. In a transverse wave, it is the height of a crest or depth of a trough.
振幅是波上某点离开其平衡位置的最大位移。在横波中，它是波峰的高度或波谷的深度。
Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two successive points in phase, e.g. from one crest to the next crest. It is measured in metres.
波长 (λ) 是两个相邻同相位点之间的距离，例如从一个波峰到下一个波峰。单位是米。
Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves passing a point per second. The unit is hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz = 1 wave per second. Period T = 1/f.
频率 (f) 是每秒通过某点的完整波的数量。单位是赫兹 (Hz)，1 Hz = 每秒1个波。周期 T = 1/f。
Wave speed (v) is related to frequency and wavelength by the wave equation:
波速 (v) 与频率和波长的关系由波动方程给出：
v = f λ
In transverse waves, vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, water ripples). In longitudinal waves, vibrations are parallel to energy transfer (e.g. sound).
在横波中，振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光、水波）。在纵波中，振动方向与能量传递方向平行（如声音）。
7. Electromagnetic Waves | 电磁波
Electromagnetic (EM) waves are transverse waves that can travel through a vacuum at the speed of light (c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s). The EM spectrum, in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength, is: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray.
电磁波是可以在真空中以光速 (c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s) 传播的横波。电磁波谱按频率递增、波长递减的顺序为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线。
Radio waves are used for communication and broadcasting. Microwaves are used for satellite communication and cooking. Infrared is emitted by hot objects and used in heaters and thermal imaging.
无线电波用于通信和广播。微波用于卫星通信和烹饪。红外线由热物体发射，用于加热器和热成像。
Visible light is the only part of the spectrum detectable by the human eye. Ultraviolet from the Sun can cause skin damage and is used in fluorescent lamps. X-rays are used in medical imaging, and gamma rays are highly penetrating, used in cancer treatment and sterilisation.
可见光是光谱中唯一人眼可察觉的部分。紫外线来自太阳，可能造成皮肤损伤，也用于荧光灯。X射线用于医学成像，伽马射线穿透力极强，用于癌症治疗和消毒。
8. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Electric current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A). In a metallic conductor, current is carried by negatively charged electrons moving from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. Conventional current, however, is shown as flowing from positive to negative.
电流 (I) 是电荷的流动速率，单位为安培 (A)。在金属导体中，电流由带负电的电子从负极向正极移动而形成。但约定电流方向是由正到负。
Potential difference (V), or voltage, is the energy transferred per unit charge between two points in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V). 1 V = 1 J/C.
电势差 (V)，即电压，是电路中两点间每单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特 (V)。1 V = 1 J/C。
Resistance (R) is the opposition to current flow. It is measured in ohms (Ω). A component’s resistance depends on its material, length, cross-sectional area and temperature.
电阻 (R) 是对电流流动的阻碍，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。元件的电阻取决于材料、长度、截面积和温度。
Charge (Q) is measured in coulombs (C). The amount of charge passing a point is related to current and time: Q = I t.
电荷 (Q) 的单位是库仑 (C)。通过某点的电荷量与电流和时间的关系为 Q = I t。
9. Circuits and Components | 电路与元件
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end so there is only one path for current. The current is the same at all points, and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. The supply voltage is shared between components.
在串联电路中，元件首尾相连，电流只有一条路径。各处电流相等，总电阻等于各个电阻之和。电源电压在各元件之间分配。
In a parallel circuit, components are connected on separate branches. The potential difference across each branch is the same. The total current is the sum of the currents in each branch, and the total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance.
在并联电路中，元件连接在不同的支路上。各支路两端电压相等。总电流等于各支路电流之和，总电阻小于最小的单个电阻。
Thermistor: a temperature-dependent resistor. Its resistance decreases as temperature increases. It is often used in thermostats.
热敏电阻：一种温度依赖型电阻，温度升高时电阻减小，常用于恒温器中。
LDR (Light-dependent resistor): its resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. Used in automatic night lights.
光敏电阻 (LDR)：光照强度增强时电阻减小，用于自动夜灯。
A diode allows current to flow in only one direction. A light-emitting diode (LED) emits light when current flows through it and is more efficient than filament bulbs.
二极管只允许电流单向流动。发光二极管 (LED) 在导通时发光，比白炽灯泡效率更高。
10. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度
Density (ρ) is the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is a property that does not depend on sample size. The formula is:
密度 (ρ) 是单位体积物质的质量。这一属性与样品多少无关。公式为：
ρ = m / V
where m is mass in kg and V is volume in m³. The unit is kg/m³.
其中 m 为质量（kg），V 为体积（m³）。单位是 kg/m³。
The particle model describes solids, liquids and gases in terms of arrangement, motion and energy of particles. In solids, particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate about fixed positions. In liquids, particles are close but can move past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds.
粒子模型从粒子的排列、运动和能量角度描述固体、液体和气体。在固体中，粒子紧密排列，在固定位置振动。液体中粒子紧密但可彼此滑过。气体中粒子相距很远，高速随机运动。
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system. Adding thermal energy increases internal energy and can lead to a change of state.
内能是系统内所有粒子的动能和势能总和。加热会增加内能并可能引起状态变化。
11. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral), with electrons (negative charge) orbiting in shells. The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons, defining the element. The mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons.
原子由包含质子（带正电）和中子（不带电）的原子核以及绕核运动的电子（带负电）构成。原子序数 (Z) 是质子数，决定了元素种类。质量数 (A) 是质子与中子的总数。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have identical chemical properties but different physical properties.
同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子。它们的化学性质相同，但物理性质有所不同。
Radioactive decay is the random process by which an unstable nucleus emits radiation to become more stable. Three main types of emission are:
放射性衰变是不稳定原子核随机地发出辐射以变得更稳定的过程。三种主要的辐射类型为：
- Alpha (α) particle: a helium nucleus (⁴₂He), highly ionising but low penetrating power, stopped by paper.
- 阿尔法 (α) 粒子：一个氦核 (⁴₂He)，电离能力强但穿透力弱，可被纸张挡下。
- Beta (β) particle: a fast-moving electron (⁰₋₁e), moderately ionising and penetrating, stopped by thin aluminium.
- 贝塔 (β) 粒子：高速运动的电子 (⁰₋₁e)，中等电离能力和穿透力，可被薄铝片阻隔。
- Gamma (γ) ray: an electromagnetic wave with no mass or charge, weakly ionising but very penetrating, reduced by thick lead or concrete.
- 伽马 (γ) 射线：无质量不带电的电磁波，电离能力弱但穿透力极强，需厚铅板或混凝土才能削弱。
12. Half-Life and Nuclear Equations | 半衰期与核方程
Half-life is the average time taken for half the unstable nuclei in a sample to decay, or for the count rate to fall to half its initial value. It is a constant for a given isotope.
半衰期是样品中半数不稳定原子核发生衰变，或计数率下降到初始值一半所需的平均时间。对于给定的同位素，半衰期是恒定的。
Activity is the rate at which a radioactive source decays, measured in becquerels (Bq), where 1 Bq = 1 decay per second. A Geiger-Muller tube can measure count rate.
放射性活度是放射源衰变的速率，单位是贝克勒尔 (Bq)，1 Bq = 每秒1次衰变。可用盖革-米勒管测量计数率。
Nuclear equations show the changes in atomic and mass numbers during radioactive decay. In alpha decay, the mass number decreases by 4 and the atomic number by 2. In beta decay, the mass number stays the same while the atomic number increases by 1 because a neutron turns into a proton and an electron is emitted.
核方程显示放射性衰变中原子序数和质量数的变化。在α衰变中，质量数减少4，原子序数减少2。在β衰变中，质量数不变而原子序数增加1，因为一个中子转变为质子，同时发射一个电子。
For example, the alpha decay of uranium-238 can be represented as:
例如，铀-238的α衰变可以表示为：
²³⁸₉₂U → ²³⁴₉₀Th + ⁴₂He
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