Year 9 CAIE PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | 9年级CAIE体育词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 9 CAIE PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | 9年级CAIE体育词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the language of Physical Education is the first step towards analysing movement, evaluating fitness, and understanding how the body responds to exercise. This guide breaks down essential Year 9 CAIE PE terminology into digestible pairs, helping you build a strong foundation for both theory and practical performance.

掌握体育学科的语言是分析动作、评估体能以及理解身体对运动反应的第一步。本指南将9年级CAIE体育课程中的核心术语分解为便于记忆的中英配对，帮助你为理论学习和运动实践打下扎实的基础。

1. Anatomical Position & Directional Terms | 解剖学体位与方位术语

The standard anatomical position is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward. All directional terms reference this position.

标准解剖学体位是身体直立、面朝前、双臂垂于身体两侧且掌心朝前的姿势。所有方位术语都以这个体位为基准。

Superior (cranial) means towards the head or upper part of the body.

上（头侧）指朝向头部或身体上部的方向。

Inferior (caudal) means towards the feet or lower part of the body.

下（尾侧）指朝向足部或身体下部的方向。

Anterior (ventral) means towards the front of the body.

前（腹侧）指朝向身体前面的方向。

Posterior (dorsal) means towards the back of the body.

后（背侧）指朝向身体背面的方向。

Medial refers to being closer to the midline of the body, while lateral means further away from the midline.

内侧指靠近身体正中线，外侧则指远离正中线。

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2. Skeletal System & Bone Types | 骨骼系统与骨骼类型

The skeleton provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell production. Bones are categorised by shape to reflect their function.

骨骼提供支撑、保护、运动、矿物质储存和血细胞生成。骨骼根据形状分类，反映其不同功能。

Long bones, such as the femur and humerus, act as levers for movement and contain marrow.

长骨，如股骨和肱骨，充当运动杠杆并含有骨髓。

Short bones, like the carpals in the wrist, provide stability and support with limited motion.

短骨，如腕部的腕骨，提供稳定性和支撑，活动范围有限。

Flat bones, including the cranium and ribs, protect internal organs and offer large surface areas for muscle attachment.

扁骨，包括颅骨和肋骨，保护内部器官并为肌肉附着提供大面积表面。

Irregular bones, such as the vertebrae, have complex shapes that protect nerve tissue and allow multi-directional movement.

不规则骨，如椎骨，具有复杂的形状，保护神经组织并允许多方向运动。

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3. Joints & Movement Types | 关节与运动类型

A joint is where two or more bones meet. Synovial joints are freely movable and are classified by the directions of movement they permit.

关节是两个或多个骨骼相接的部位。滑膜关节可自由活动，并根据允许的运动方向进行分类。

Flexion decreases the angle at a joint, such as bending the elbow; extension increases the angle, as in straightening the knee.

屈曲减少关节角度，如屈肘；伸展增加关节角度，如伸膝。

Abduction moves a limb away from the body’s midline; adduction brings it back towards the midline.

外展将肢体远离身体中线；内收将其拉回中线。

Rotation refers to movement around a long axis, for example turning the head from side to side.

旋转指绕长轴的运动，例如左右转动头部。

Plantarflexion points the toes downward, while dorsiflexion lifts the toes towards the shin.

跖屈使脚尖向下，背屈则使脚尖朝向胫骨。

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4. Muscular System & Contractions | 肌肉系统与收缩形式

Muscles pull on bones to create movement. The main types of muscle are skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary) and cardiac.

肌肉通过牵拉骨骼产生运动。主要肌肉类型包括骨骼肌（随意肌）、平滑肌（不随意肌）和心肌。

The agonist (prime mover) is the muscle mainly responsible for producing a movement; the antagonist relaxes to allow that movement.

主动肌（原动肌）是主要负责产生某个动作的肌肉；拮抗肌则放松以允许该动作发生。

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle changes length while producing force. Concentric contraction shortens the muscle, while eccentric contraction lengthens it under tension.

在等张收缩中，肌肉产生力时长度发生变化。向心收缩使肌肉缩短，离心收缩使肌肉在张力下拉长。

In an isometric contraction, the muscle generates force without changing length, such as holding a plank.

在等长收缩中，肌肉产生力但长度不变，如保持平板支撑姿势。

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5. Cardiovascular System & Key Measures | 心血管系统与关键指标

The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products. Familiarity with its measures helps evaluate fitness and exercise intensity.

心血管系统输送氧气和营养物质并清除废物。熟悉其指标有助于评估体能和运动强度。

Heart rate (HR) is the number of heart beats per minute. Resting heart rate averages 60–80 bpm in untrained individuals.

心率（HR）是每分钟心脏跳动的次数。未训练者的安静心率平均为60–80次/分。

Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle per beat.

每搏输出量（SV）是左心室每次收缩泵出的血量。

Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR)

心输出量（Q）= 每搏输出量（SV）× 心率（HR）。

Blood pressure is expressed as systolic over diastolic pressure, measured in mmHg. Regular exercise can lower resting blood pressure.

血压表示为收缩压/舒张压，单位为毫米汞柱。规律锻炼可降低安静血压。

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6. Respiratory System & Gas Exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换

Respiration supplies oxygen for energy production and removes carbon dioxide. Key lung volumes describe how we breathe during rest and exercise.

呼吸为能量供应提供氧气并清除二氧化碳。关键的肺容量描述了安静和运动时的呼吸状况。

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath at rest.

潮气量是安静状态下每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气量。

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

肺活量是最大吸气后能呼出的最大气量。

Minute ventilation is the total volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute.

每分通气量是每分钟进出肺部的空气总量。

Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli: oxygen diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves out to be exhaled.

气体交换在肺泡中进行：氧气扩散入血液，二氧化碳则移出体外被呼出。

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7. Skill Classification & Feedback | 技能分类与反馈

Skills in sport are classified on continua according to characteristics such as pacing, stability of the environment and precision.

运动技能可根据节奏、环境稳定性和精确性等特征在连续体上进行分类。

An open skill is performed in an unpredictable, changing environment (e.g. a football pass). A closed skill occurs in a stable, predictable setting (e.g. a free throw).

开放式技能在不可预测、变化的环境中进行（如足球传球）。闭锁式技能在稳定、可预测的环境中进行（如罚球）。

A gross skill involves large muscle groups and whole-body movements; a fine skill requires small, precise muscle actions.

粗大技能涉及大肌肉群和全身运动；精细技能需要小肌肉的精确控制。

Intrinsic feedback comes from your own sensory system (feeling the movement), while extrinsic feedback is provided by an external source such as a coach.

内反馈来自自身感觉系统（感受动作），外反馈则来自外部来源，如教练的提示。

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8. Principles of Training & FITT | 训练原则与FITT

Effective training programmes are built on principles that ensure progression and sustained improvement while avoiding injury and burnout.

有效的训练计划建立在确保逐步提升和持续进步，同时避免损伤和过度疲劳的原则之上。

Specificity means training must be relevant to the sport, energy system and muscle groups being targeted.

针对性指训练必须与目标运动、供能系统和肌群密切相关。

Progressive overload demands gradually increasing the demand placed on the body to continue improving fitness.

渐进超负荷要求逐步增加对身体施加的压力，以持续提升体能。

The FITT principle guides overload:

FITT原则用于指导超负荷的调整：

• Frequency – how often you train.

  频率（Frequency）– 训练的次数。

• Intensity – how hard you train.

  强度（Intensity）– 训练的剧烈程度。

• Time – how long each session lasts.

  时间（Time）– 每次训练的时长。

• Type – the mode of exercise performed.

  类型（Type）– 所进行的运动方式。

Reversibility warns that fitness gains are lost when training stops or reduces significantly.

可逆性原则提醒我们，当训练停止或大幅减少时，已获得的体适能会消退。

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9. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体适能要素

Health-related fitness components underpin everyday functional ability and long-term well-being. They differ from skill-related components used in athletic performance.

健康相关体适能要素是日常活动能力和长期健康的基础，与运动表现中使用的技能相关要素不同。

Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen during sustained activity.

心血管耐力是心脏、肺和血管在持续活动中输送氧气的能力。

Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single effort.

肌力是一块或一组肌肉单次最大收缩时产生的力量。

Muscular endurance is the ability of muscles to perform repeated contractions or hold a position over time.

肌耐力是肌肉进行重复收缩或长时间保持某个姿势的能力。

Flexibility refers to the range of motion available at a joint.

柔韧性指关节所能达到的活动范围。

Body composition is the ratio of fat mass to fat-free mass (muscle, bone, water).

身体成分是脂肪质量与去脂质量（肌肉、骨骼、水分）之比。

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10. Sports Injuries & Immediate Response | 运动损伤与即时处理

Understanding common injury terms and the immediate care protocol helps limit damage and promote faster recovery.

理解常见损伤术语和即时处理方案有助于控制伤害并促进更快恢复。

A sprain is an injury to a ligament connecting bone to bone, while a strain affects a muscle or tendon.

扭伤是连接骨与骨的韧带损伤，而拉伤影响肌肉或肌腱。

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone, which can be simple (closed) or compound (open).

骨折是骨的断裂或裂缝，可以是单纯性（闭合）或开放性（开放）。

The RICE method is the standard immediate treatment for soft tissue injuries:

RICE方法是软组织损伤的标准即时处理步骤：

• Rest – stop activity to prevent further damage.

  休息（Rest）– 停止活动以防进一步损伤。

• Ice – apply cold to reduce swelling and pain.

  冰敷（Ice）– 冷敷以减轻肿胀和疼痛。

• Compression – apply a bandage to limit swelling.

  加压（Compression）– 使用绷带限制肿胀。

• Elevation – raise the injured area above heart level.

  抬高（Elevation）– 将受伤部位抬高至心脏水平以上。

A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or body. It requires immediate removal from play and medical assessment.

脑震荡是头部或身体受到撞击引起的轻度创伤性脑损伤，需要立即停止运动并进行医疗评估。

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Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com

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