📚 Year 9 CAIE Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 9 CAIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 9 CAIE Science vocabulary quick reference guide. Mastering key terminology is essential for understanding scientific concepts and achieving high marks. This article compiles the most important terms in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Scientific Enquiry, with clear bilingual explanations to help you memorise them faster.
欢迎来到 Year 9 CAIE 科学词汇速记指南。掌握关键术语对于理解科学概念和取得高分至关重要。本文汇编了生物学、化学、物理学和科学探究中最重要的术语，并配以清晰的双语释义，帮助你更快地记忆。
1. Cells and Organ Systems | 细胞与器官系统
Living organisms are made up of cells, which can be specialised to form tissues, organs, and systems. Below are essential cell biology terms for Year 9.
生物体由细胞构成，细胞可以特化形成组织、器官和系统。以下是 Year 9 重要的细胞生物学术语。
Cell: The smallest unit of life that can carry out all life processes.
细胞：能够进行所有生命活动的最小生命单位。
Cell membrane: A partially permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜：一层选择透过性屏障，控制物质进出细胞。
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions occur.
细胞质：一种胶状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生。
Nucleus: An organelle containing the genetic material (DNA) that controls cell activities.
细胞核：含有遗传物质(DNA)并控制细胞活动的细胞器。
Mitochondria: Organelles that carry out aerobic respiration to release energy.
线粒体：进行有氧呼吸、释放能量的细胞器。
Chloroplast: An organelle in plant cells that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿体：植物细胞中的一种细胞器，吸收光能用于光合作用。
Vacuole: A large permanent structure in plant cells filled with cell sap, providing support.
液泡：植物细胞中一个充满细胞液的大型永久结构，提供支撑。
Cell wall: A rigid layer made of cellulose in plants that gives shape and protection.
细胞壁：植物细胞中由纤维素组成的坚硬外层，提供形状和保护。
Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
组织：一群相似的细胞共同协作以完成特定功能。
Organ: A structure made up of different tissues that carries out a particular job.
器官：由不同组织构成、执行特定工作的结构。
Organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body.
器官系统：一组协同工作以执行身体主要功能的器官。
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。
2. Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table | 原子、元素与周期表
Everything around us is made of atoms. Understanding atomic structure and the organisation of elements helps explain chemical behaviour.
我们周围的一切都由原子构成。了解原子结构和元素的排列有助于解释化学行为。
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
原子：能参与化学反应的元素最小粒子。
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom.
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯净物。
Periodic Table: A chart in which elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, grouped by similar properties.
周期表：将元素按原子序数递增排列、并按相似性质分组的图表。
Group: A vertical column in the Periodic Table; elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
族：周期表中的纵列；同一族的元素具有相似的化学性质。
Period: A horizontal row in the Periodic Table; properties change gradually across a period.
周期：周期表中的横行；同周期元素的性质逐渐变化。
Proton: A subatomic particle with a positive charge, found in the nucleus.
质子：带正电荷的亚原子粒子，位于原子核内。
Neutron: A subatomic particle with no charge (neutral), found in the nucleus.
中子：不带电荷（中性）的亚原子粒子，位于原子核内。
Electron: A subatomic particle with a negative charge that orbits the nucleus in shells.
电子：带负电荷的亚原子粒子，在电子层中绕核运动。
Atomic number: The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus; it determines the element.
原子序数：原子核内质子的数目，决定了元素的种类。
Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.
质量数：原子核内质子与中子的总数。
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
同位素：质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。
3. Compounds and Chemical Reactions | 化合物与化学反应
Atoms combine to form compounds, and chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms. Here are key terms you need to describe these processes.
原子结合形成化合物，化学反应涉及原子的重新排列。以下是你需要用来描述这些过程的关键术语。
Compound: A pure substance made from two or more different elements chemically bonded together.
化合物：由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成的纯净物。
Molecule: A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
分子：由两个或多个原子通过共价键结合在一起的一组原子。
Chemical formula: A representation of a substance using symbols and numbers to show the types and ratios of atoms, e.g. H₂O.
化学式：用符号和数字表示物质中各原子种类和比例的式子，如 H₂O。
Reactant: A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction.
反应物：在化学反应中参与并发生变化的一种物质。
Product: A new substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
生成物：化学反应产生的新物质。
Word equation example: magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
文字方程式示例：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁
Exothermic reaction: A reaction that releases energy, usually as heat, to the surroundings.
放热反应：向周围环境释放能量（通常为热量）的反应。
Endothermic reaction: A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop.
吸热反应：从周围环境吸收能量、导致温度下降的反应。
Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up or changed permanently.
催化剂：一种能加快化学反应速率而本身不被消耗或永久改变的物质。
Conservation of mass: In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.
质量守恒：在化学反应中，质量既不能被创造也不能被消灭；反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量。
4. Acids, Bases, and Salts | 酸、碱与盐
Acids and bases are common chemical families with characteristic properties. Neutralisation reactions form salts, which are important in daily life.
酸和碱是具有特征性质的常见化学家族。中和反应生成盐，盐在日常生活中很重要。
Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water, with a pH less than 7.
酸：溶于水时释放氢离子(H⁺)、pH小于7的物质。
Base: A substance that can neutralise an acid to form a salt and water, often containing hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
碱：能中和酸生成盐和水的物质，通常含有氢氧根离子(OH⁻)。
Alkali: A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water, with a pH greater than 7.
碱溶液：一种可溶性碱，在水中释放氢氧根离子(OH⁻)，pH大于7。
pH scale: A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral.
pH 标度：衡量溶液酸性或碱性强弱的标度，范围从0（强酸性）到14（强碱性），7为中性。
Neutralisation: A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water, bringing the pH closer to 7.
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水、使pH趋近于7的反应。
General neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water
中和反应通式：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水
Salt: An ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion during neutralisation.
盐：中和反应中酸的氢离子被金属离子或铵离子取代后形成的离子化合物。
Indicator: A substance that changes colour depending on the pH of the solution, e.g. litmus or universal indicator.
指示剂：根据不同pH改变颜色的物质，例如石蕊或通用指示剂。
5. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Forces cause objects to move, accelerate, or change shape. Understanding these terms will help you solve motion problems.
力使物体运动、加速或改变形状。理解这些术语将帮助你解决运动问题。
Force: A push or pull that can change an object’s speed, direction, or shape, measured in newtons (N).
力：能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉，单位是牛顿(N)。
Balanced forces: Equal forces acting in opposite directions on an object, resulting in no change in motion.
平衡力：作用在物体上大小相等、方向相反的力，导致运动状态不变。
Unbalanced forces: Forces that are not equal and cause an object to accelerate, decelerate, or change direction.
非平衡力：大小不相等的力，会导致物体加速、减速或改变方向。
Resultant force: The overall force acting on an object after all forces have been combined.
合力：将所有力合成后作用在物体上的总力。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面之间相对运动的力。
Speed: The distance an object travels per unit of time; it is a scalar quantity.
速率：物体在单位时间内移动的距离，是标量。
speed = distance / time
速率 = 路程 / 时间
Velocity: Speed in a given direction; a vector quantity.
速度：给定方向上的速率，是矢量。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity; if velocity increases, acceleration is positive.
加速度：速度变化的快慢；如果速度增加，加速度为正。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It does not change with location.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克(kg)，不随位置改变。
Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object’s mass, measured in newtons (N).
重量：作用在物体质量上的重力，单位是牛顿(N)。
weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = mg)
重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度 (W = mg)
6. Energy Resources and Transfers | 能源与能量传递
Energy exists in many forms and can be transferred or transformed. Knowing energy terms helps you understand how the world works.
能量以多种形式存在，可以被传递或转化。了解能量术语有助于理解世界如何运作。
Energy: The ability to do work, measured in joules (J).
能量：做功的能力，单位是焦耳(J)。
Kinetic energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量。
Gravitational potential energy: Energy stored by an object because of its position in a gravitational field.
重力势能：物体因其在重力场中的位置而储存的能量。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred from one form to another.
能量守恒：能量不能被创造或消灭，只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。
Work done: The energy transferred when a force moves an object; work = force × distance moved in the direction of the force.
做功：力使物体移动时传递的能量；功 = 力 × 在力的方向上移动的距离。
Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W).
功率：做功或能量传递的速率，单位是瓦特(W)。
Renewable energy: Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
可再生能源：来自自然补充的能源，如太阳能、风能和水力发电。
Non-renewable energy: Energy from finite sources that cannot be replaced quickly, e.g. coal, oil, and natural gas.
不可再生能源：来自有限且无法快速替代的能源，如煤、石油和天然气。
Conduction: The transfer of thermal energy through a solid from a hotter region to a cooler region by particle vibration.
热传导：热能在固体中通过粒子振动从
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