Cambridge Year 11 Drama: Key Terminology Fast-Track Guide | 剑桥十一年级戏剧：关键术语速记指南

📚 Cambridge Year 11 Drama: Key Terminology Fast-Track Guide | 剑桥十一年级戏剧：关键术语速记指南

Mastering the vocabulary of drama is like learning the grammar of storytelling. For Year 11 Cambridge learners, these terms unlock the ability to analyse, devise, and perform with precision. This guide breaks down essential stage, vocal, physical, design, and performance terminology into memorable chunks, helping you to recall them exactly when you need them – whether in a written examination or during a rehearsal.

掌握戏剧术语就像学习讲故事的语法。对于剑桥十一年级的学生来说，这些术语能够帮助你精准地分析、编创和表演。本指南将关键的舞台、声音、身体、设计和表演术语分解为易于记忆的模块，让你无论是在笔试还是在排练中需要它们的时候，都能准确地回想起来。

1. Stage Spaces and Directions | 舞台空间与方位

Proscenium Arch – The architectural frame that separates the stage from the auditorium, creating a ‘picture frame’ effect. Audiences view the action from one side only.

镜框式舞台 — 一种将舞台与观众席分隔开的建筑框架，营造出「画框」效果。观众只从正面观看表演。

Thrust Stage – A stage that extends into the audience on three sides, allowing closer proximity and more intimate staging. The performers are surrounded by spectators.

伸出式舞台 — 一种三面延伸入观众的舞台，使得观演关系更近、演出更亲密。表演者被观众围绕。

Traverse Stage – A long, central performance area with audiences seated on two opposite sides. It works well for confrontational or linear storytelling.

通道式舞台 — 一条狭长的中央表演区，观众坐在相对的两侧。非常适合对抗性或线性叙事的展现。

Arena / In-the-round – A stage entirely surrounded by the audience. Demands clear blocking and constant awareness of sightlines in all directions.

圆形舞台 / 环绕式 — 完全被观众环绕的舞台。要求清晰的舞台调度并时刻注意全方位的视线。

Black Box – A flexible, empty rectangular space painted black, where the seating and stage can be configured in any arrangement. It encourages experimental staging.

黑匣子剧场 — 一个灵活的空矩形空间，全部涂成黑色，座位和舞台可任意配置，鼓励实验性演出。

Upstage / Downstage – Upstage is the area furthest from the audience; downstage is nearest. Derived from raked stages that literally sloped upward away from the viewers.

后舞台 / 前舞台 — 后舞台是离观众最远的区域；前舞台是最近的区域。该说法源于过去向观众反方向倾斜的斜坡舞台。

Stage Left / Stage Right – Directions from the performer’s perspective when facing the audience. Stage left is the actor’s left; stage right is the actor’s right.

舞台左侧 / 舞台右侧 — 以演员面向观众为基准的方位。舞台左侧是演员的左边，舞台右侧是演员的右边。

Wings – The offstage areas to the sides of the stage, hidden from the audience’s view, used for entrances, exits, and prop storage.

侧翼 / 舞台两侧 — 舞台两侧观众视线之外的区域，用于上下场和存放道具。

Cyclorama – A large, curved white wall or cloth at the back of the stage, often lit with colours to create sky, mood, or abstract backgrounds.

天幕 — 舞台后方的大型弧形白墙或幕布，常通过彩色灯光的投射来营造天空、情绪或抽象背景。

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2. Vocal Skills | 声音技巧

Pitch – The highness or lowness of the voice. Varying pitch can communicate character age, emotion, or status.

音高 — 嗓音的高低。变化音高可以传达角色的年龄、情绪或地位。

Pace – The speed at which lines are delivered. A rapid pace can indicate panic or excitement; a slow pace might suggest deliberation or sadness.

语速 — 台词表达的速度。快速可表现慌乱或激动；缓慢则暗示沉思或悲伤。

Pause – A deliberate break in speech. Used to build tension, signal a change in thought, or let an important moment land with the audience.

停顿 — 言语中有意的中断。用于营造紧张气氛、标示思路的转变，或让重要时刻在观众心中沉淀。

Volume – The loudness or softness of the voice. Projection is necessary for large spaces, while a whisper can draw the audience in for intimate moments.

音量 — 嗓音的响度。大空间需要放声远送，而耳语则能在亲密时刻拉近与观众的距离。

Tone – The emotional quality or colour of the voice. A warm tone can express affection; a harsh, clipped tone can reveal anger or authority.

语气 / 音色 — 嗓音的情感质地。温暖的口吻表达喜爱；生硬短促的口吻则能揭示愤怒或权威。

Articulation – The clarity with which consonants and vowels are pronounced. Crisp articulation ensures every word is understood, especially at a distance.

吐字归音 — 辅音和元音发音的清晰程度。清晰的吐字能确保每个词都能被听懂，尤其在较远距离时。

Inflection – The rise and fall of the voice within a phrase. It adds meaning, suggests questions, irony, or emphasis without changing the words.

语调变化 — 一句话中声音的升降。它能在不改变词语本身的情况下增添含义，表达疑问、反讽或强调。

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3. Physical Skills and Movement | 身体技巧与动作

Gesture – A movement of part of the body, especially the hands or head, to express an idea or emotion. Can be illustrative, emphatic, or habitual for a character.

手势 — 身体某一部分，特别是手或头部的运动，用以表达想法或情感。可以是说明性的、强调性的，或是角色的习惯性动作。

Posture – The way a character holds their body while standing or sitting. It instantly communicates confidence, age, tension, or social status.

体态 / 姿势 — 角色在站立或坐下时保持身体的方式。它能瞬间传达自信、年龄、紧张感或社会地位。

Gait – A character’s manner of walking. A shuffling gait might indicate old age or hesitation, while a striding gait can signal determination.

步态 — 角色走路的方式。拖沓的步子可能表示年老或犹豫，而大步流星则可能显现出决心。

Facial Expression – The use of the eyes, eyebrows, and mouth to convey inner thoughts and reactions. It must be visible even to the back row of the audience.

面部表情 — 利用眼睛、眉毛和嘴巴来传递内心想法和反应。即使在观众席最后一排也要清晰可见。

Proxemics – The use of space between performers. Close proximity can indicate intimacy or confrontation; distance can show alienation or fear.

空间关系学 — 表演者之间空间距离的运用。靠近可表明亲密或对峙；远离则显示疏远或恐惧。

Levels – The vertical height of performers relative to each other (sitting, kneeling, standing, on a rostrum). Used to show power dynamics: the person on a higher level often holds more authority.

层次 / 高度 — 表演者彼此之间的垂直高度（坐、跪、站、站在平台上）。常用来表现权力关系：站在高处的人通常更有权威。

Tension – The controlled use of muscular energy in the body. Relaxed tension suggests ease; rigid tension conveys anxiety, anger, or determination.

肌肉张力 — 身体对肌肉能量的有控制的使用。松弛的状态显得自如；僵硬的张力则表达焦虑、愤怒或坚定。

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4. Lighting Terminology | 灯光术语

Floodlight – A lantern that produces a wide, soft-edged beam of light, used for general wash or background illumination.

泛光灯 — 能产生宽阔、边缘柔和的光束的灯具，用于整体铺光或背景照明。

Spotlight / Profile Spot – A lantern that produces a hard-edged beam, precisely focused to highlight a performer or a small area. It can be shaped with shutters or a gobo.

聚光灯 / 成像灯 — 能产生硬边光束的灯具，可精确聚焦以突出某个表演者或小范围。可通过遮光片或图案片改变形状。

Fresnel – A lantern with a stepped lens that gives a soft-edged beam, often used for blending and colour washes. The beam size is adjustable via a lamp housing.

菲涅尔灯 — 配有阶梯透镜的灯具，发出柔边光束，常用于过渡均匀的色彩铺光。光束大小可通过灯座调节。

Gobo – A thin metal or glass stencil placed inside a spotlight to project a pattern, texture, or image (e.g., leaves, windows, abstract shapes).

图案片 — 放置在聚光灯内部的一种薄金属或玻璃模板，用于投射图案、纹理或图像（如树叶、窗户、抽象形状）。

Gel / Colour Filter – A heat-resistant coloured sheet placed in front of a lantern to change the colour of the light. Different colours evoke specific moods and locations.

色纸 — 放在灯具前的一种耐热彩色薄片，用于改变光色。不同颜色能唤起特定的情绪和场景感。

Blackout – An instantaneous cut of all stage lighting to total darkness, often used for scene transitions or dramatic shock.

暗场 — 所有舞台灯光瞬间熄灭至全黑，常用于场景转换或制造戏剧性的冲击。

Fade / Crossfade – A gradual increase (fade up) or decrease (fade down) of light intensity. A crossfade is when one lighting state slowly replaces another, creating a smooth transition.

渐明 / 渐暗 与 交替渐变 — 灯光强度逐渐增强（渐明）或减弱（渐暗）。交替渐变指一种灯光状态缓慢地被另一种取代，形成平滑过渡。

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5. Sound and Music | 音效与音乐

Diegetic Sound – Sound that originates from within the world of the play, such as a telephone ringing, a door slamming, or a radio playing. Characters can hear it.

剧情内音效 — 源自剧情世界内部的声音，如电话铃声、关门声或收音机播放的音乐。角色能够听到它们。

Non-diegetic Sound – Sound added from outside the story world, such as background music (underscoring) or a narrator’s voiceover. Only the audience hears it.

剧情外音效 — 来自故事世界之外附加的声音，如配乐（背景音乐）或叙述者的画外音。只有观众能听见。

Underscoring – Music or atmospheric sound played quietly beneath dialogue or action to enhance mood without distracting from the scene.

背景配乐 — 在台词或动作下方安静播放的音乐或氛围音，用于增强情绪而不干扰场景。

Live Sound – Sound produced in real time during performance, either by actors (singing, clapping, stamping) or by visible musicians/foley artists. It adds a sense of immediacy.

现场音效 — 演出过程中实时产生的声音，可以通过演员（唱、拍手、跺脚）或可见的乐师/拟音师来完成。能增加临场感。

Recorded Sound / Soundscape – Pre-recorded audio tracks layered to create an environment, such as city traffic, birdsong, or echoes. Often used to establish time and place efficiently.

录音音效 / 声音景观 — 预先录制的多轨道音频，用于营造环境感，如城市交通、鸟鸣或回声。常用来快速建立时间与地点。

Fade In / Fade Out – The gradual increase or decrease of sound volume. Used to introduce or remove music or effects smoothly without abrupt change.

淡入 / 淡出 — 声音音量的逐渐增强或减弱。用于平滑地引入或撤除音乐或音效，避免突兀变化。

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6. Costume, Make-up and Props | 服装、化妆与道具

Costume – All clothing and accessories worn by a performer to portray a character. It instantly communicates period, social status, occupation, and personality.

服装 — 表演者为塑造角色而穿戴的全部衣物和配饰。能瞬间传达时代背景、社会地位、职业和个性。

Make-up – Cosmetics applied to the face and body to enhance or alter an actor’s appearance. It can indicate age, health, fantasy characters, or simply ensure features are visible under bright lights.

化妆 — 涂敷在面部和身体上的化妆品，用于提升或改变演员外貌。可表现年龄、健康状况、奇幻角色，或仅仅确保面部特征在强光下可见。

Props (Properties) – Any moveable object used by actors on stage, such as books, weapons, letters, or crockery. They must be handled convincingly to support the narrative.

道具 — 演员在舞台上使用的任何可移动物体，如书本、武器、信件或餐具。必须被真实可信地使用，以支撑叙事。

Personal Prop – A prop carried by a specific character and often used to reveal something about them (e.g., a walking stick, a locket, a cigarette case).

个人道具 — 由特定角色携带的道具，常用来揭示角色的某些特质（如手杖、挂坠盒、烟盒）。

Set Dressing – Items that decorate the set but are not generally handled by actors (curtains, picture frames, books on a shelf). They enrich the visual world of the play.

舞台陈设 — 用来装饰布景但通常不为演员所动用的物品（如窗帘、相框、书架上的书）。它们丰富了戏剧的视觉世界。

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7. Characterisation and Rehearsal Techniques | 角色塑造与排练方法

Hot Seating – An exploratory technique where the actor, in role, answers questions from the director or other performers to build a deeper understanding of the character’s background and motives.

坐针毡 / 角色问答 — 一种探索性练习，演员进入角色，回答导演或其他演员的提问，以更深入地理解角色的背景和动机。

Given Circumstances – The specific details of a character’s world provided by the script: time, place, social context, and relationships. All acting choices must be rooted in these facts.

规定情境 — 剧本所提供的角色所处世界的具体细节：时间、地点、社会环境和人际关系。一切表演选择都必须根植于这些事实。

Objective / Intention – What a character wants to achieve in a scene or unit of action. A clear objective drives the dialogue and physical choices.

目标 / 意图 — 角色在一场戏或一个行动单元中想要达到的目的。清晰的目标驱动着台词和肢体选择。

Super-objective – The overarching want that runs through the entire play for a character. All smaller objectives serve this larger, deep need.

最高任务 — 贯穿全剧、驱动角色的总体欲望。所有较小的目标都服务于这个更深层的大需求。

Subtext – The unspoken thoughts and feelings beneath the dialogue. What the character really means when the words say something else.

潜台词 — 台词之下未说出口的想法与感受。即当言语在说一件事时，角色内心真正想表达的东西。

Status – The perceived power ranking of a character in relation to others. It shifts through physicality, vocal tone, and spatial relationships, even within a single scene.

地位 — 角色相对于他人所表现出的权力级别。它通过身体运用、语气和空间关系不断变化，哪怕在同一场景内也是如此。

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8. Dramatic Structure and Conventions | 戏剧结构与惯例

Exposition – The opening section of a play where the setting, main characters, and initial situation are introduced. Sets the foundation for the conflict.

呈示部 / 开端 — 戏剧的开篇部分，介绍背景、主要人物和初始情境，为冲突奠定基础。

Rising Action – The series of events that build tension and complicate the plot, leading towards the climax. Obstacles and challenges increase the stakes.

上升动作 — 一系列营造紧张感并使情节复杂化的事件，逐步推向高潮。障碍和挑战不断加剧风险。

Climax – The moment of highest tension and greatest emotional intensity; the turning point in the story where the central conflict reaches its peak.

高潮 — 紧张程度最高、情感强度最大的时刻；是故事转折点，核心冲突在此达到顶峰。

Falling Action – Events immediately after the climax where the tension decreases and the consequences of the turning point begin to unfold.

下降动作 — 高潮之后的事件，紧张感随之减弱，转折点的结果开始显现。

Denouement / Resolution – The final part of a play where the strands of the plot are tied together, questions are answered, and a new equilibrium is established.

结局 / 收束 — 戏剧的最后部分，多条情节线索汇聚，问题得到回答，一种新的平衡得以建立。

Tableau / Still Image – A frozen, silent picture created by performers to capture a key moment, theme, or relationship. It conveys a narrative visually in a single, powerful frame.

静态画面 / 定格 — 由表演者创造的静止无声的画面，用以捕捉关键时刻、主题或人物关系，在单一的强力画面上传达叙事。

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9. Theatrical Styles and Genres | 戏剧风格与流派

Naturalism – A style aiming to create a completely realistic illusion of everyday life on stage, with detailed sets, believable behaviour, and ordinary language. Think ‘slice of life’.

自然主义 — 一种致力于在舞台上营造完全逼真、还原日常生活的风格，使用细致布景、可信行为和日常语言。如同「生活切片」。

Realism – Similar to Naturalism but often focuses on socially relevant issues and problems, using a realistic framework but selecting and shaping the material to make a point.

现实主义 — 与自然主义相似，但通常聚焦于社会现实问题，以现实框架筛选、塑造素材以表达观点。

Epic Theatre – A style developed by Brecht that deliberately distances the audience from emotional involvement, using techniques like direct address, placards, and song to encourage critical thinking.

史诗剧场 — 布莱希特发展的一种风格，刻意令观众与剧情产生间离，运用直接致辞、标语牌和歌曲等技巧，促使观众进行批判性思考。

Physical Theatre – Storytelling driven primarily through movement and the body rather than dialogue. Devised ensemble work, mime, and gesture are central.

肢体剧场 — 主要通过动作和身体而非对话来讲故事。集体即兴创作、默剧和手势是其核心。

Melodrama – An exaggerated style with clear heroes and villains, sensational plots, and heightened emotion. Music (melos) underscores the action and signals mood changes.

情节剧 — 一种夸张风格，善恶分明，情节耸动，情绪激烈。音乐伴随动作并提示情绪变化。

Commedia dell’Arte – Italian masked comedy featuring stock characters (Harlequin, Pantalone), improvisation, and physical lazzi (comic business). A major influence on slapstick and farce.

即兴喜剧 — 意大利假面喜剧，以定型角色（如阿尔列金、潘塔隆）、即兴表演和肢体插科打诨为特征，对闹剧和笑剧影响深远。

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10. Performance and Evaluation Terminology | 表演与评估术语

Intention – The specific aim the director or performer wants to achieve with a moment, scene, or whole production. It guides every creative choice.

意图 — 导演或表演者期望在某一瞬间、场景或整个作品中达到的具体目标。它指引着每一个创作选择。

Impact – The effect a performance or design element has on the audience. Could be emotional, intellectual, or sensory.

效果 / 影响力 — 表演或设计元素对观众产生的作用，可以是情感上的、思想上的，或是感官上的。

Atmosphere – The feeling or mood created by the combined work of acting, lighting, sound, and set. A tension-filled atmosphere might be created through low lighting and long pauses.

氛围 — 通过表演、灯光、音效和布景的共同作用所营造的感觉或情绪。例如，通过暗光和长停顿可营造充满紧张感的氛围。

Blocking – The precise movement and positioning of actors on stage, planned by the director. Good blocking tells the story visually and ensures sightlines are clear.

舞台调度 / 走位 — 由导演规划的演员在舞台上的精确移动和定位。出色的走位能通过视觉讲故事，并确保观众视线畅通。

Sightlines – The lines of sight from the audience to the stage. Blocking must ensure that all audience members, wherever seated, can see the key action.

视线 — 观众看向舞台的视线范围。舞台调度必须确保所有座位上的观众都能看到关键行动。

Fourth Wall – The imaginary wall between the stage and the audience. In naturalistic theatre, performers act as if it exists; breaking it involves direct audience address.

第四面墙 — 舞台与观众之间的一面想象墙。在自然主义戏剧中，演员假装它存在；打破第四面墙则意味着直接向观众致辞。

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