📚 Core Knowledge Summary for Year 10 Eduqas Economics | 经济学核心知识点梳理
This article covers the essential concepts for Year 10 Eduqas Economics, including scarcity, markets, elasticity, market failure, and government intervention. Understanding these foundations will help you excel in your exams and build a strong economic mindset.
本文梳理了 Eduqas 考试局 Year 10 经济学的核心知识点，涵盖稀缺性、市场、弹性、市场失灵和政府干预等内容，帮助你在考试中取得好成绩并建立经济学思维。
1. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
Scarcity means that resources are limited while human wants are unlimited. This fundamental problem forces individuals, firms, and governments to make choices.
稀缺性意味着资源有限而人类的欲望无限。这一根本问题迫使个人、企业和政府做出选择。
The basic economic problem arises from scarcity: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
基本经济问题源于稀缺性：生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产。
Because of scarcity, every choice involves an opportunity cost.
由于稀缺性，每个选择都涉及机会成本。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The four factors of production are land, labour, capital, and enterprise.
四大生产要素是土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能。
Land refers to all natural resources, including minerals, water, and forests. Its reward is rent.
土地指所有自然资源，包括矿产、水和森林，报酬为地租。
Labour is the human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. The reward for labour is wages.
劳动力是生产中使用的人的体力和脑力劳动，报酬是工资。
Capital consists of man-made goods used to produce other goods and services, such as machinery and factories. The reward is interest.
资本包括用于生产其他商品与服务的人造物品，如机器和厂房，报酬是利息。
Enterprise is the ability to organise the other factors of production and take risks in pursuit of profit. The reward is profit.
企业家才能是组织其他生产要素并承担风险以追求利润的能力，报酬是利润。
3. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made.
机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优替代品的价值。
For example, if a student decides to spend an hour studying economics rather than playing video games, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment lost from gaming.
例如，如果学生决定用一小时学习经济而不是玩电子游戏，机会成本就是放弃的游戏乐趣。
Opportunity cost applies to consumers, firms, and governments when they allocate scarce resources.
消费者、企业和政府在配置稀缺资源时都会面临机会成本。
4. Production Possibility Curve (PPC) | 生产可能性曲线
The PPC shows the maximum possible combinations of two goods or services an economy can produce when all resources are fully and efficiently employed.
生产可能性曲线显示一个经济体在资源得到完全有效利用时所能生产的两种商品或服务的最大组合。
Points on the curve represent productive efficiency, while points inside the curve indicate underutilisation of resources. Points outside the curve are unattainable given current resources.
曲线上的点代表生产效率，曲线内的点表示资源利用不足，曲线外的点在当前资源下无法实现。
The PPC can shift outward due to economic growth, such as an increase in the quantity or quality of resources, or technological progress.
PPC 可因经济增长而向外移动，例如资源数量或质量提升，或技术进步。
The curve is usually concave to the origin, illustrating increasing opportunity cost as resources are not equally efficient in producing all goods.
曲线通常凹向原点，表明机会成本递增，因为资源在生产不同商品时效率不同。
5. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
Demand refers to the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time, ceteris paribus.
需求指在其他条件不变的情况下，消费者在不同价格水平愿意且能够购买的商品或服务数量。
The law of demand states that as price rises, quantity demanded falls, so the demand curve slopes downward.
需求定律指出，价格上涨，需求量下降，因此需求曲线向下倾斜。
Factors that shift the demand curve include changes in income, tastes, prices of substitutes and complements, advertising, population, and future price expectations.
导致需求曲线移动的因素包括收入变化、偏好、替代品和互补品价格、广告、人口以及未来价格预期。
Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices. The law of supply says that as price rises, quantity supplied rises, so the supply curve slopes upward.
供给是生产者愿意且能够以不同价格提供的商品或服务数量。供给定律指出，价格上涨，供给量增加，因此供给曲线向上倾斜。
Shifts in supply are caused by changes in costs of production, technology, taxes, subsidies, weather (for agriculture), and the number of sellers.
供给移动的原因包括生产成本、技术、税收、补贴、天气（农业）和销售者数量的变化。
6. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性
PED measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.
PED 衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。
PED = (%ΔQd) / (%ΔP)
If PED > 1, demand is price elastic; a percentage change in price leads to a larger percentage change in quantity demanded.
如果 PED > 1，需求是价格弹性的；价格变动百分比导致需求量更大百分比变动。
If PED < 1, demand is price inelastic; quantity demanded is less responsive to price changes. If PED = 1, it is unit elastic. If PED = 0, perfectly inelastic; if PED = infinity, perfectly elastic.
如果 PED < 1，需求缺乏弹性；需求量对价格变化反应较小。PED = 1 为单位弹性；PED = 0 完全无弹性；PED = ∞ 完全弹性。
Determinants of PED include the availability of substitutes, whether the good is a necessity or luxury, the proportion of income spent on the good, and the time period considered.
影响 PED 的因素包括替代品的可得性、商品是必需品还是奢侈品、支出占收入的比例以及所考虑的时间长度。
Firms can use PED to predict the effect of price changes on total revenue. If demand is elastic, a price decrease raises total revenue; if inelastic, a price increase raises total revenue.
企业可利用 PED 预测价格变动对总收入的影响。若需求弹性，降价增加总收入；若缺乏弹性，提价增加总收入。
7. Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) | 供给价格弹性
PES measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price.
PES 衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。
PES = (%ΔQs) / (%ΔP)
If PES > 1, supply is elastic; if PES < 1, supply is inelastic. Determinants include the time period, spare production capacity, ease of storage, and the mobility of factors of production.
若 PES > 1，供给富有弹性；若 PES < 1，供给缺乏弹性。决定因素包括时间周期、闲置产能、储存难易程度以及生产要素的流动性。
In the short run, supply is often inelastic because firms cannot easily change all inputs. In the long run, supply becomes more elastic as firms can adjust all factors of production.
短期内，供给通常缺乏弹性，因为企业难以迅速改变所有投入；长期中，企业可调整所有生产要素，供给变得更富弹性。
8. Market Equilibrium and Disequilibrium | 市场均衡与非均衡
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied at a certain price. There is no tendency for price to change.
市场均衡出现在需求量等于供给量的价格水平，价格没有变动趋势。
If the price is above equilibrium, there is excess supply (surplus), putting downward pressure on price.Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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