📚 Fast-Track Glossary Guide for CAIE Year 10 Psychology | CAIE十年级心理学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering psychology terminology is crucial for success in your CAIE Year 10 course. This guide provides definitions and memory aids for key terms across all major topics, helping you quickly build a solid vocabulary.
掌握心理学术语对CAIE十年级课程的成功至关重要。本指南涵盖所有主要课题的关键术语定义和记忆辅助，助你快速积累扎实的词汇量。
1. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
The independent variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher deliberately manipulates or changes. Think ‘I change the IV’. It is the presumed cause in an experiment.
自变量（IV）就是研究者有意操纵或改变的那个因素。记作“我（I）改变自变量（IV）”。它是实验中的假定原因。
The dependent variable (DV) is the outcome that gets measured. Its value depends on the changes made to the IV. If you test how revision hours affect exam scores, hours are the IV and scores are the DV.
因变量（DV）是需要测量的结果。它的值取决于自变量的变化。如果你测试复习时长如何影响考试分数，时长是IV，分数是DV。
A hypothesis is a precise, testable statement predicting the relationship between variables. The alternative hypothesis predicts a difference or correlation, while the null hypothesis states there will be no effect.
假设是一个精确的、可验证的陈述，预测变量之间的关系。备择假设预测有差异或相关，而虚无假设则声明没有效应。
Operationalisation means defining variables in clear, measurable terms so that they can be reliably tested. For example, ‘ aggression’ could be operationalised as the number of times a child hits a doll.
操作化是指用清晰、可测量的方式定义变量，以便能够可靠地进行测试。例如，“攻击性”可以被操作化定义为孩子击打玩偶的次数。
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement. If you repeat the study, do you get similar results? Validity concerns accuracy: does the test measure what it claims to measure?
信度指的是测量的稳定性。如果重复研究，能否得到相似结果？效度则关乎准确性：测试是否确实测量了它声称要测量的东西？
2. Biological Psychology Terms | 生物心理学术语
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes all incoming information and sends out commands. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body, like a network of cables.
中枢神经系统（CNS）由脑和脊髓组成。它处理所有传入信息并发出指令。周围神经系统（PNS）像电缆网络一样将CNS与身体其余部分连接起来。
A neuron is a nerve cell specialised for communication. It has dendrites (receivers), a cell body, and an axon (sender). The myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up neural impulses.
神经元是专门用于通讯的神经细胞。它有树突（接收器）、细胞体和轴突（发送器）。髓鞘包裹着轴突，起绝缘作用并加快神经冲动传导。
A synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons. When an electrical impulse arrives, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron, passing the signal along.
突触是两个神经元之间的微小间隙。当电信号到达时，神经递质被释放到突触中，并与下一个神经元上的受体结合，从而传递信号。
Neurotransmitters such as dopamine (involved in reward and movement) and serotonin (involved in mood and sleep) are chemical messengers that influence behaviour and mental processes.
神经递质，如多巴胺（参与奖赏和运动）和血清素（参与情绪和睡眠），是影响行为和心理过程的化学信使。
3. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉
Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors detect raw physical energy from the environment, such as light waves or sound vibrations. Perception is the brain’s active interpretation and organisation of this sensory input, giving it meaning.
感觉是我们的感受器探测环境中原始物理能量（如光波或声波）的过程。知觉则是大脑对这种感觉输入进行主动解释和组织，赋予其意义。
Gibson’s direct theory of perception argues that the environment provides sufficient information for perception without the need for past experience. A key concept is affordances, which are action possibilities offered by objects (e.g. a handle affords grasping).
吉布森的直接知觉理论认为，环境提供了充足的信息，无需过往经验。关键概念是“功能可见性”，即物体提供的行动可能（例如，把手提供抓握的可能）。
Gregory’s constructivist theory proposes that perception is an active, top-down process. The brain uses stored knowledge, expectations and context to construct a percept, which explains why visual illusions like the Muller-Lyer illusion can trick us.
格里高利的建构主义理论提出，知觉是一种主动的、自上而下的过程。大脑利用储存的知识、期望和背景来建构感知，这解释了为什么像缪勒-莱耶错觉这样的视错觉能欺骗我们。
Monocular depth cues (e.g. linear perspective, relative size) need only one eye, while binocular cues (e.g. retinal disparity, convergence) depend on both eyes working together to perceive depth.
单眼深度线索（如线性透视、相对大小）只需要一只眼，而双眼线索（如视网膜像差、辐合）依靠双眼协同工作来感知深度。
4. Learning Theory Terminology | 学习理论术语
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally triggers an unconditioned response (UCR), like food making a dog salivate. A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after repeated pairing, eventually eliciting a conditioned response (CR) of salivation.
在经典条件作用中，无条件刺激（UCS）自然地引发无条件反应（UCR），比如食物让狗分泌唾液。中性刺激在反复配对后变成条件刺激（CS），最终引发条件反应（CR），即分泌唾液。
Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences. Positive reinforcement means adding something pleasant to increase a behaviour (praise). Negative reinforcement means removing something unpleasant to strengthen behaviour (taking painkillers to remove a headache). Punishment aims to reduce a behaviour.
操作性条件作用是通过后果进行学习。正强化是指添加令人愉悦的东西以增加行为（如表扬）。负强化是指移除令人不悦的东西以增强行为（如吃止痛药消除头痛）。惩罚旨在减少行为。
Social Learning Theory (Bandura) emphasises learning by observation and imitation of role models. Key processes include attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation. Vicarious reinforcement occurs when we see a model being rewarded, making us more likely to copy.
社会学习理论（班杜拉）强调通过观察和模仿角色榜样进行学习。关键过程包括注意、保持、动作再现和动机。替代强化是指我们看到榜样因某行为获得奖励，从而更可能模仿。
Extinction in classical conditioning happens when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear. Spontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of the CR after a rest period.
经典条件作用中的消退发生在CS反复单独出现而不伴随UCS时，导致CR逐渐减弱并最终消失。自然恢复是指停歇一段时间后CR突然再次出现。
5. Memory Terminology | 记忆术语
The multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) describes memory as three distinct stores: sensory register (modality-specific, brief duration), short-term memory (STM, capacity about 7 +/- 2 chunks, limited duration) and long-term memory (LTM, potentially limitless). Rehearsal transfers information from STM to LTM.
多存储模型（阿特金森和希夫林）将记忆描述为三个不同的存储库：感觉登记（感觉通道特异，持续时间极短）、短时记忆（STM，容量约7±2个组块，持续时间有限）和长时记忆（LTM，潜力无限）。复述将信息从STM转移到LTM。
The working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch) replaced the idea of a single STM. It includes the central executive (attentional control), the phonological loop (verbal/sound information), the visuospatial sketchpad (visual/spatial data) and the episodic buffer (integrates information).
工作记忆模型（巴德利和希契）取代了单一STM的概念。它包括中央执行器（注意力控制）、语音回路（言语/声音信息）、视觉空间画板（视觉/空间数据）和情节缓冲器（整合信息）。
Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored. Semantic encoding (processing meaning) leads to deeper, more durable memories than acoustic (sound) or visual (imagery) encoding.
编码是将感觉输入转化为可储存形式的过程。语义编码（处理意义）比声学编码（声音）或视觉编码（图像）能产生更深、更持久的记忆。
Forgetting can occur due to interference, where similar information disrupts recall (proactive: old disrupts new; retroactive: new disrupts old), or retrieval failure, where the information is available but not accessible without the right cues (tip-of-the-tongue state).
遗忘可能由于干扰而发生，即相似信息扰乱提取（前摄干扰：旧信息干扰新信息；倒摄干扰：新信息干扰旧信息）；或由于提取失败，即信息可用但缺少正确线索时无法提取（话到嘴边现象）。
6. Social Influence Vocabulary | 社会影响词汇
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group. Normative social influence is driven by a desire to be liked and accepted, whereas informational social influence occurs when we look to the group for guidance in ambiguous situations, believing they know better.
从众是为了与群体一致而改变行为或信念。规范性社会影响源于渴望被喜欢和接纳，而信息性社会影响则是在模糊情境中我们依赖群体指导、认为他们更懂时发生。
Obedience means following direct orders from an authority figure. Milgram’s famous shock experiment demonstrated how far people will go in obeying, even when it conflicts with their conscience.
服从是指遵从权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆著名的电击实验展示了人们会多么远地服从，即使这与良心冲突。
The bystander effect describes the finding that individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other people are present. One explanation is diffusion of responsibility, where each bystander feels less personal obligation to act.
旁观者效应描述了当有其他人在场时，个体提供帮助的可能性降低的现象。一种解释是责任扩散，即每个旁观者感到的个人行动义务减少了。
Deindividuation refers to a loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in group settings, which can lead to impulsive and antisocial behaviour. Anonymity and group size are contributing factors.
去个体化是指在群体情境中失去自我意识和个人责任感，这可能导致冲动和反社会行为。匿名性和群体规模是促进因素。
7. Development and Attachment Terms | 发展与依恋术语
Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’ identified secure attachment (infant explores, uses caregiver as safe base) and two insecure patterns: insecure-avoidant (ignores caregiver) and insecure-resistant (clingy but resists comfort).
依恋是婴儿与照顾者之间深厚而持久的情感纽带。安斯沃斯的“陌生情境”实验识别出安全型依恋（婴儿探索，以照顾者为安全基地）和两种不安全模式：不安全-回避型（忽略照顾者）和不安全-反抗型（粘人但抗拒安抚）。
Separation anxiety is distress shown by an infant when separated from their primary caregiver, typically peaking around 8 months. Stranger anxiety is wariness of unfamiliar people, also common during the second half of the first year.
分离焦虑是婴儿与主要照顾者分离时表现出的痛苦，通常在8个月左右达到高峰。陌生人焦虑是对不熟悉人的警惕，在出生第一年的下半年也很常见。
Piaget’s stage of cognitive development begins with the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), where infants learn through senses and actions and develop object permanence. This is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
皮亚杰的认知发展阶段始于感知运动阶段（0-2岁），婴儿通过感觉和动作学习，并发展出客体永久性。这是指理解物体即使不在视线范围内也仍然存在。
Following sensorimotor, the preoperational stage (2-7 years) is marked by symbolic thinking and egocentrism, the concrete operational stage (7-11 years) by logical reasoning about concrete events, and the formal operational stage (11+ years) by abstract and hypothetical thinking.
感知运动阶段之后，前运算阶段（2-7岁）以符号思维和自我中心为特征；具体运算阶段（7-11岁）能够对具体事件进行逻辑推理；形式运算阶段（11岁以上）则具备抽象和假设思维。
8. Sleep and Dreams Vocabulary | 睡眠与梦境词汇
The sleep cycle alternates between NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stages 1-3 and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Deep sleep occurs in NREM stage 3, while REM sleep is when vivid dreaming mostly occurs and the body is paradoxically almost paralysed.
睡眠周期在NREM（非快速眼动）阶段1-3和REM（快速眼动）睡眠之间交替。深度睡眠发生在NREM第三阶段，而REM睡眠则是大多数生动梦境发生的时段，此时身体几乎处于悖论般的瘫痪状态。
The circadian rhythm is our internal 24-hour biological clock, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain. It governs the sleep-wake cycle and is influenced by external cues like light.
昼夜节律是我们体内约24小时的生物钟，由脑中的视交叉上核（SCN）调控。它主导睡眠-觉醒周期，并受光照等外部信号影响。
Freud’s wish-fulfilment theory claims that dreams are disguised expressions of repressed, unconscious desires. The manifest content is the surface storyline, while the latent content is the hidden, symbolic meaning.
弗洛伊德的愿望满足理论声称，梦是被压抑的无意识欲望的伪装表达。显性内容是表面的故事情节，而隐性内容是隐藏的象征意义。
The activation-synthesis theory (Hobson and McCarley) argues that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural signals originating in the brainstem during REM sleep. The cortex synthesises a story from this random activation.
激活-合成理论（霍布森和麦卡利）认为，梦是大脑试图理解REM睡眠期间脑干随机神经信号
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