📚 OCR Year 11 Politics Key Terms Memory Guide | OCR Year 11 政治词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of politics is the first step to confident exam performance. This guide presents ten essential terms from the OCR Year 11 Politics syllabus, each with a clear definition, a memorable explanation, and a bilingual breakdown to help you recall them quickly in a test. Use the paired English-Chinese paragraphs to reinforce understanding and build a strong vocabulary foundation.
掌握政治学的专业语言是自信应对考试的第一步。本指南精选 OCR Year 11 政治课程中的十个核心术语，每个术语均配有清晰的定义、易于记忆的解释以及中英双语解析，帮助你在测试中快速提取关键信息。中英文对照段落将强化你的理解，为术语积累打下扎实基础。
1. Democracy | 民主
Democracy is a system of government in which power is held by the people, who may exercise it directly or through freely elected representatives. The word comes from the Greek ‘demos’ (people) and ‘kratos’ (rule). Free and fair elections, the protection of individual rights, and the rule of law are its defining features. Think of it as the community deciding together where to build a new park, rather than one person deciding for everyone.
民主是一种权力属于人民的政府体制，人民可以直接行使权力，也可以通过自由选举产生的代表间接行使。“民主”一词源自希腊语“demos”（人民）和“kratos”（统治）。其特征包括自由公正的选举、个人权利的保护和法治。你可以这样想象：一个社区共同决定在哪里建新公园，而不是由一个人替所有人做决定。
2. Sovereignty | 主权
Sovereignty is the supreme authority of a state to govern itself without external interference. In the UK, parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can make or unmake any law, and no other body can override it. However, membership in international organisations and devolution have sparked debates about how absolute this sovereignty remains. Picture sovereignty as the owner of a house who decides the rules – no outside landlord can impose changes.
主权是指一个国家在不受外部干涉的情况下进行自我管理的最高权力。在英国，议会主权意味着议会有权制定或废除任何法律，且任何其他机构都无权推翻。然而，国际组织成员身份和权力下放引发了关于主权绝对性的讨论。可以把主权想象成房主制定家规——外面的房东无权强行改变。
3. Constitution | 宪法
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. Unlike many countries, the UK has an uncodified (unwritten) constitution, drawn from statutes, common law, conventions, and authoritative works. This makes it flexible but sometimes unclear. Imagine it as the rulebook of a board game – without it, players would argue over every move.
宪法是一套关于国家治理的基本准则或既定先例。与许多国家不同，英国拥有一部非法典化（不成文）的宪法，其渊源包括成文法、普通法、惯例和权威著作。这使它具有灵活性，但有时不够明确。可以把它想象成棋盘游戏中的规则书——没有规则书，玩家每一步都会争执不休。
4. Separation of Powers | 权力分立
The separation of powers divides the state into three branches: the legislature (makes laws), the executive (implements laws), and the judiciary (interprets laws). The aim is to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. In the UK, the separation is partial because government ministers also sit in Parliament. Think of a three-legged stool: if one leg grows too long, the stool becomes unstable.
权力分立将国家分为三个分支：立法机关（制定法律）、行政机关（执行法律）和司法机关（解释法律）。其目的是防止任何一个分支权力过大。在英国，这种分立并不完全，因为政府大臣同时是议会议员。想象一把三脚凳：如果一只脚长得过长，凳子就会不稳。
5. Rule of Law | 法治
The rule of law is the principle that everyone – including the government – is subject to the law and that laws should be fair, applied equally, and protect fundamental rights. Key elements include legal certainty, access to justice, and an independent judiciary. It acts as a shield against arbitrary rule. Compare it to traffic lights: even the mayor’s car must stop when the light is red.
法治是一项原则，要求每个人——包括政府——都必须遵守法律，且法律应当公正、平等适用并保护基本权利。其关键要素包括法律的确定性、司法可及和司法独立。法治是防止专断统治的盾牌。可以类比交通信号灯：即便是市长的车，红灯时也必须停下。
6. Parliament | 议会
Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the UK, consisting of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. Its main functions include making laws, scrutinising government, and representing the public. The Commons is elected, while the Lords is appointed, which raises questions about democratic legitimacy. Picture Parliament as a factory that produces the country’s laws, with quality-control checks from two different assembly lines.
议会是英国的最高立法机构，由上议院、下议院和君主组成。其主要职能包括制定法律、监督政府和代表公众。下议院由选举产生，而上议院则是任命制，这引发了对其民主合法性的质疑。把议会想象成一个生产国家法律的工厂，两条不同的流水线负责质检。
7. Executive | 行政机关
The executive is the branch of government responsible for implementing and enforcing laws. In the UK, it is led by the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and government departments. The executive proposes most new legislation and manages public services. Its power has grown over time, leading some to talk about an ‘elective dictatorship’. Think of the executive as the ship’s captain, steering day-to-day operations based on the parliamentary chart.
行政机关是负责执行和实施法律的政府部门。在英国，行政机关由首相、内阁和政府各部组成。大多数新法案由行政机关提出，同时它还负责管理公共服务。其权力随着时间推移不断扩大，有些人因此称其为“选举独裁”。可将行政机关想象成船长，依据议会绘制的航图指挥船只的日常航行。
8. Judiciary | 司法机关
The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law. In the UK, the judiciary is independent of the other two branches, ensuring impartial judgments. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal, and it can review whether public bodies have acted lawfully through judicial review. Imagine the judiciary as a football referee: not playing the game, but ensuring everyone follows the rules.
司法机关是负责解释和适用法律的法院系统。在英国，司法机关独立于其他两个权力分支，以确保作出不偏不倚的判决。最高法院是最高上诉法院，可通过司法审查来判断公共机构的行为是否合法。把司法机关想象成足球裁判：不参与踢球，但确保所有人都遵守规则。
9. Devolution | 权力下放
Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from central government to regional bodies, such as the Scottish Parliament or the Welsh Senedd. It allows regions to make decisions on matters like education and health, while the Westminster Parliament retains authority over reserved matters like defence. Devolution recognises the UK as a union of distinct nations with different needs. Picture it as the head chef giving each sous-chef control over their own pasta or dessert station.
权力下放是指中央政府将某些权力移交给地区机构，比如苏格兰议会或威尔士议会。它允许各地区在教育、卫生等事务上自主决策，而威斯敏斯特议会则保留国防等保留事务的权力。权力下放承认了英国是一个由不同需求民族组成的联合体。可以把它想象成主厨让每位副厨各自负责自己的意面或甜点台。
10. Representation | 代表制
Representation is the idea that citizens are present in the decision-making process through elected individuals who act on their behalf. In the UK, each Member of Parliament represents a constituency. Different electoral systems can produce more proportional or more constituency-focused representation. Effective representation ensures that diverse voices are heard in the corridors of power. Think of it as a class choosing a student council member to speak to the headteacher – one voice carrying the concerns of many.
代表制是指公民通过选出的个人代为行使权力、参与决策过程。在英国，每位议员代表一个选区。不同的选举制度可以产生更具比例性或更具选区性的代表性。有效的代表制能确保在权力走廊里听到多元的声音。可以把它想象成班级选出一名学生会委员去与校长对话——一个人的声音承载了许多人的关切。
11. Participation | 政治参与
Political participation refers to the ways in which individuals engage with politics and seek to influence decisions. This includes voting, joining a political party, protesting, signing petitions, and even discussing issues on social media. High participation is often seen as a sign of a healthy democracy, while low turnout raises concerns about legitimacy. Picture participation as a team huddle: the more players actively listening and speaking, the better the game plan.
政治参与指的是个人参与政治和试图影响决策的各种方式，包括投票、加入政党、抗议、签署请愿书，甚至在社交媒体上讨论议题。高参与度通常被视为健康民主的标志，而低投票率则会引发合法性问题。可以把政治参与想象成球队围拢讨论：细细聆听、积极发言的队员越多，战术计划就越完善。
12. Referendum | 全民公投
A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific question, allowing citizens to make a decision instead of leaving it to representatives. Recent UK examples include the Brexit referendum of 2016 and the Scottish independence referendum of 2014. Referendums can enhance direct democracy but may also oversimplify complex issues. Think of it as a family voting on where to go on holiday – one question, everyone’s say.
全民公投是全体选民就某一具体问题进行直接投票，由公民取代代表作出决定。英国近年的实例包括2016年的脱欧公投和2014年的苏格兰独立公投。公投能够增强直接民主，但也可能把复杂问题过度简单化。可以把它想象成一家人投票决定去哪里度假——一个问题，人人有份发言。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导