Year 10 CAIE Biology: Rapid Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CAIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 CAIE Biology: Rapid Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CAIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering biological terminology is the key to unlocking top grades in Year 10 CAIE Biology. This guide breaks down essential vocabulary into digestible, bilingual chunks, pairing each term with memory tips and a clear Chinese explanation. Whether you are brushing up on cell organelles or decoding enzyme action, the structured approach here makes retention faster and more durable.

掌握生物学术语是冲击Year 10 CAIE 生物高分的关键。本指南将核心词汇拆解为易于消化的双语模块，为每个术语配上记忆技巧和清晰的中文解释。无论你是在复习细胞器还是拆解酶的作用机制，这里的结构化方法都能让记忆变得更快更牢。

1. Cell Structure | 细胞结构

Nucleus – the control centre housing DNA. Imagine it as the ‘brain’ of the cell; ‘nucleus’ rhymes with ‘focus’ because it keeps the cell focused on its job.

细胞核 – 储存DNA的控制中心。可以把它想象成细胞的“大脑”；‘nucleus’与‘focus’押韵，因为它让细胞专注于自己的工作。

Mitochondria – site of aerobic respiration, often called the powerhouse. Break it down: ‘mighty-chondria’ supplies mighty amounts of ATP from glucose.

线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，常被称为细胞的能量工厂。拆解记忆：‘mighty-chondria’从葡萄糖中释放出强大的ATP能量。

Ribosomes – tiny particles that synthesise proteins. Link ‘ribo’ to ‘ribonucleic’, and picture a ribosome as a chef translating RNA recipes into polypeptide chains.

核糖体 – 合成蛋白质的微小颗粒。把‘ribo’与‘核糖’关联，想象核糖体是一位厨师，将RNA食谱翻译成多肽链。

Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. ‘Chloro-‘ means green; think of a green solar panel converting light energy into chemical energy.

叶绿体 – 含有叶绿素，用于光合作用。‘Chloro-’表示绿色；想象一块绿色太阳能板，将光能转化为化学能。

2. Biological Molecules | 生物分子

Carbohydrates – made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; rapid energy source. The formula ratio Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ reminds you it is ‘hydrated carbon’. Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides.

碳水化合物 – 由碳、氢、氧组成；是快速能源。化学式比例 Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ 提示它是“水合的碳”。淀粉和糖原是多糖储存形式。

Proteins – long chains of amino acids folded into specific shapes. The mnemonic ‘amino acids are the alphabet of proteins’ highlights how 20 letters build countless words.

蛋白质 – 由氨基酸长链折叠成的特定形状。记忆口诀“氨基酸是蛋白质的字母表”表明20个字母可构建无数个单词。

Lipids (fats and oils) – composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. Think of the letter ‘E’ for ester bonds; you need energy insulation in cold weather.

脂质（脂肪和油） – 由甘油和三个脂肪酸构成。想到字母 ‘E’ 代表酯键；天冷时需要能量隔层保暖。

3. Enzymes | 酶

Enzyme – a biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without being used up. The suffix ‘-ase’ (e.g. amylase) signals an enzyme; picture a pair of scissors snipping a substrate.

酶 – 生物催化剂，加速反应且自身不被消耗。后缀 ‘-ase’（如 amylase）提示它是酶；想象一把剪刀在剪裁底物。

Active site – the complementary pocket where substrate binds. The lock-and-key model: if the active site denatures, the key no longer fits.

活性位点 – 底物结合的互补口袋。锁-钥匙模型：若活性位点变性，钥匙便不再匹配。

Denaturation – permanent shape change caused by extreme pH or heat. Picture an egg white solidifying – once cooked, it cannot go back.

变性 – 极端pH或高温引起的永久性形状改变。想象蛋清凝固——一旦煮熟，便无法复原。

4. Movement Across Membranes | 跨膜运输

Diffusion – net movement of particles from high to low concentration. It is passive, like a crowd leaving a packed room through an open door.

扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动。属于被动过程，如同人群从拥挤房间通过敞开的门走出去。

Osmosis – diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. ‘Osmosis is water’s home-sick-ness’ – water moves toward the side with more solutes.

渗透 – 水分子通过半透膜的扩散。可以记成“水思家”，水总是朝着溶质多的一侧移动。

Active transport – movement against the concentration gradient using carrier proteins and ATP. Think of a pump working uphill, powered by energy currency.

主动运输 – 利用载体蛋白和ATP逆浓度梯度的运输。想象一个耗能水泵，使用能量货币把物质往上坡推。

5. Cell Division | 细胞分裂

Mitosis – produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair. The stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) can be remembered as ‘PMAT’.

有丝分裂 – 产生两个遗传上相同的二倍体子细胞，用于生长和修复。阶段顺序（前期、中期、后期、末期）可记作‘PMAT’。

Meiosis – reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid gametes. Remember ‘Meiosis Means Mix’ because crossing over increases genetic variation.

减数分裂 – 将染色体数量减半，产生单倍体配子。记住‘Meiosis Means Mix’（减数意味着混合），因为交叉互换增加了遗传变异。

Diploid vs Haploid – diploid (2n) cells have pairs of homologous chromosomes; haploid (n) cells have one set. ‘Di’ = two, ‘ha’ = half.

二倍体与单倍体 – 二倍体 (2n) 有成对的同源染色体；单倍体 (n) 只有一套。‘Di’意思是二，‘ha’意思是半。

6. Photosynthesis | 光合作用

Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (light energy, chlorophyll). ‘Photo’ = light, ‘synthesis’ = building – using light to build glucose.

光合作用方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂（光能、叶绿素）。‘Photo’ 意为光，‘synthesis’ 意为合成——用光来制造葡萄糖。

Limiting factors – light intensity, CO₂ concentration, temperature. When one factor curtails the rate despite plenty of others, it is limiting.

限制因素 – 光照强度、二氧化碳浓度、温度。当其他条件都很充足，唯独一个因素限制反应速率时，它就是限制因素。

Chlorophyll – green pigment absorbing red and blue light. Think of a leaf as a light-harvesting antenna that reflects green, hence the colour we see.

叶绿素 – 吸收红光和蓝光的绿色色素。将叶片想象成收获光的天线，它反射绿光，于是我们看到了绿色。

7. Human Nutrition | 人类营养

Digestion – breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble ones. Mechanical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes) digestion work hand-in-hand.

消化 – 将大分子不溶性物质分解为小分子可溶性物质。物理消化（咀嚼）和化学消化（酶）协同工作。

Villi – finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption. ‘Villi’ rhymes with ‘lily’, and each villus is like a petal soaking up nutrients.

绒毛 – 小肠内指状突起，增大吸收面积。‘Villi’与‘lily’押韵，每根绒毛就像一片花瓣吸收营养。

Peristalsis – rhythmic muscle contractions pushing food along the gut. It sounds like ‘persistent pulse’ – the gut’s continuous squeeze.

蠕动 – 消化道内推动食物的节律性肌肉收缩。听起来像“持续的脉动”——肠道不停挤压的节奏。

8. Transport in Plants | 植物运输

Xylem – dead tubes carrying water and minerals upward. ‘Xylem reminds me of a xylophone – water moves up like musical notes rising in scales.’

木质部 – 运送水和矿物质向上的死细胞管道。‘Xylem’让人想起木琴，水流像音阶一样向上攀升。

Phloem – living tubes transporting sucrose and amino acids in both directions. ‘Phloem flows food’ – the ‘ph’ matches ‘food’ in spirit.

韧皮部 – 双向运输蔗糖和氨基酸的活细胞管道。‘Phloem’输送‘food’（食物），头两个字母‘ph’正好暗示养分流动。

Transpiration – evaporation of water from leaf surfaces, creating a pulling force. Think of the plant sipping water through a straw when leaves are heated.

蒸腾作用 – 水分从叶片表面蒸发，产生向上的拉力。想象植物像用吸管吸水，当叶片被加热时拉力更强。

9. Transport in Animals | 动物运输

Arteries – carry blood away from the heart under high pressure; thick, muscular walls. ‘Arteries = Away’ helps you recall the direction.

动脉 – 将血液从心脏送出的高压血管，管壁厚而有肌肉。‘A’ 开头：Artery = Away（离开心脏）。

Veins – return blood to the heart, containing valves to prevent backflow. ‘Veins have Valves’ makes the connection easy.

静脉 – 将血液送回心脏，含有静脉瓣防止倒流。‘Veins have Valves’ 容易关联。

Haemoglobin – iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen. ‘Haemo’ = blood, ‘globin’ = protein; picture a red taxi picking up O₂ passengers.

血红蛋白 – 红细胞中含铁的蛋白质，结合氧气。‘Haemo’ 意为血液，‘globin’ 意为蛋白；想象一辆红色出租车搭载 O₂ 乘客。

10. Respiration | 呼吸作用

Aerobic respiration – glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ 36–38 ATP). The equation spells ‘GO₂ to CO₂’, releasing plentiful energy.

有氧呼吸 – 葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 36–38 ATP）。方程式概括为 ‘GO₂ to CO₂’，释放大量能量。

Anaerobic respiration in muscles – glucose → lactic acid (+ 2 ATP). The burning sensation is ‘acid in action’; oxygen debt must be repaid.

肌肉无氧呼吸 – 葡萄糖 → 乳酸（+ 2 ATP）。灼烧感正是“酸在作祟”；必须偿还氧债。

ATP – adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s energy currency. ‘A-T-P’ sounds like ‘a tiny packet’ of instant energy.

ATP – 三磷酸腺苷，细胞的能量通币。‘A-T-P’听起来像“一个小能量包”。

11. Homeostasis and Excretion | 稳态与排泄

Homeostasis – maintenance of a constant internal environment. ‘Homeo’ = similar, ‘stasis’ = staying; think of a thermostat keeping temperature steady.

稳态 – 维持稳定的内部环境。‘Homeo’ 意为相似，‘stasis’ 意为停留；就像恒温器保持温度不变。

Nephron – functional unit of the kidney filtering blood. ‘Neph’ relates to kidney; imagine a tiny filter flask cleaning urea and excess water.

肾单位 – 肾脏过滤血液的功能单位。‘Neph’ 与肾相关；想象一个微型过滤瓶，清除尿素和多余水分。

Urea – nitrogenous waste produced in the liver from excess amino acids. ‘Urea’ and ‘urine’ share ‘ur’; it is the body’s way of removing nitrogen.

尿素 – 肝脏从多余氨基酸产生的含氮废物。‘Urea’ 和 ‘urine’ 共享 ‘ur’；这是身体排除氮的途径。

12. Coordination and Response | 协调与反应

Neurone (nerve cell) – specialised for transmitting electrical impulses. ‘Neurone’ sounds like ‘neuron’; picture a wire carrying messages at lightning speed.

神经元（神经细胞） – 专门传递电冲动。‘Neurone’ 就像 ‘neuron’；想象一根电线以闪电速度传送信息。

Synapse – junction where neurotransmitters diffuse across a gap. Remember ‘synapse is the space between’, like a bridge that must be chemically crossed.

突触 – 神经递质扩散通过的间隙。记住“突触是神经元之间的空间”，像必须用化学方式跨越的桥梁。

Reflex arc – automatic pathway bypassing the brain, involving receptor, sensory, relay, motor neurone and effector. ‘Reflex Rules’ – immediate response without thinking.

反射弧 – 绕开大脑的自动通路，包括感受器、感觉神经元、中间神经元、运动神经元和效应器。‘Reflex Rules’ – 不需要思考的即时反应。

Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com

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Year 10 CAIE Biology: Rapid Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CAIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南