Year 10 CAIE Business: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | CAIE十年级商务词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 CAIE Business: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | CAIE十年级商务词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential vocabulary guide for CAIE IGCSE Business (0450). Understanding key business terms and being able to use them correctly in exam answers is vital for achieving top grades. This guide organises important terms into logical topics and provides memory-friendly explanations in both English and Chinese. Each section focuses on a core business area, building your knowledge step by step so you can learn faster and remember longer.

欢迎来到你的CAIE IGCSE商务(0450)核心词汇指南。理解关键商务术语并能在考试答案中正确运用它们，对于取得高分至关重要。本指南将重要术语组织成逻辑主题，并提供便于记忆的中英文解释。每个部分聚焦一个核心商务领域，逐步构建你的知识体系，让你学得更快、记得更牢。

1. Scarcity, Needs, Wants and Factors of Production | 稀缺性、需求、欲望与生产要素

Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem: people have unlimited wants but only limited resources to produce goods and services.

稀缺性是基本经济问题：人类的欲望无限，但用于生产商品和服务的资源有限。

Needs are essential items required for survival, such as clean water and shelter. Wants are non-essential desires, like a luxury phone or designer clothes.

需求是生存所必需的物品，如清洁水源和住所。欲望是非必需的愿望，如奢侈手机或设计师服装。

Goods are tangible products we can touch and own. Services are intangible activities provided by others, such as hairdressing or banking.

商品是有形的产品，我们可以触摸和拥有。服务是他人提供的无形活动，例如美发或银行业务。

The four factors of production are land (natural resources), labour (human effort), capital (man-made aids like machinery), and enterprise (the risk-taking ability that combines the other three).

生产要素有四种：土地（自然资源）、劳动力（人力）、资本（人造辅助工具，如机器）和企业（将其他三种要素结合起来的风险承担能力）。

Opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. Whenever you decide to use resources in one way, you give up what you could have done instead.

机会成本是指做出选择时所放弃的次优替代方案。每当你决定以某种方式使用资源时，你就放弃了本可以做的其他事情。

Memory tip: use the acronym ‘L.L.C.E’ – Land, Labour, Capital, Enterprise – and imagine a factory needing all four to operate.

记忆技巧：使用首字母缩写“L.L.C.E”——土地、劳动力、资本、企业——并想象一家工厂需要这四种要素才能运营。

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2. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织类型

A sole trader is a business owned and controlled by one person. The owner has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets are at risk if the business fails.

个体经营者是由一人拥有和控制的公司。业主承担无限责任，意味着若企业倒闭，个人资产将面临风险。

A partnership involves two or more people sharing ownership. A deed of partnership sets out responsibilities and profit-sharing ratios. Partners usually have unlimited liability.

合伙企业涉及两人或多人共同拥有。合伙契约规定了各自的责任和利润分成比例。合伙人通常承担无限责任。

A private limited company (Ltd) is a separate legal entity with limited liability. Shares cannot be sold to the general public, so ownership stays within a closed group.

私人有限公司（Ltd）是具有有限责任的独立法律实体。股票不能向公众出售，因此所有权仅限于封闭群体。

A public limited company (plc) can sell shares on the stock exchange, raising large sums of capital. It must publish detailed annual accounts and faces stricter regulations.

上市公司（plc）可在证券交易所出售股票，筹集大量资金。它必须公布详细的年度账目，并接受更严格的监管。

A franchise is an arrangement where the franchisee pays fees to trade under the name and system of an established franchisor. Franchises offer brand recognition but limit flexibility.

特许经营是加盟商支付费用，以使用特许人已有的品牌和体系进行经营的安排。特许经营提供品牌认知度，但限制了灵活性。

A social enterprise is set up to achieve social or environmental aims. Surpluses are reinvested or donated, rather than taken as profit for owners.

社会企业是为了实现社会或环境目标而设立的企业。盈余会被再投资或捐赠，而不是作为所有者的利润。

A joint venture is when two or more businesses collaborate on a specific project, sharing capital, risks, and rewards, without forming a new permanent company.

合资企业是指两个或多个企业在一个特定项目上合作，共享资本、风险和收益，而不组建新的永久性公司。

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3. Business Objectives and Stakeholders | 企业目标与利益相关者

Common business objectives include profit maximisation, growth, survival, increasing market share, and providing a service to the community.

常见的企业目标包括利润最大化、增长、生存、提高市场份额以及为社区提供服务。

A mission statement is a written declaration of a business’s core purpose and values. It guides decision-making and communicates the brand’s identity.

使命宣言是对企业核心目标和价值观的书面声明。它指导决策并传达品牌的身份。

A stakeholder is any individual or group with an interest in the activities and performance of a business. Internal stakeholders include owners, managers, and employees. External stakeholders include customers, suppliers, government, and the local community.

利益相关者是对企业活动和绩效拥有利益的任何个人或群体。内部利益相关者包括所有者、经理和员工。外部利益相关者包括客户、供应商、政府和当地社区。

Stakeholder conflict occurs when different groups have opposing objectives, e.g., employees want higher wages while shareholders seek higher dividends.

利益相关者冲突发生在不同群体目标对立时，例如员工想要更高工资，而股东追求更高分红。

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to businesses voluntarily addressing social and environmental concerns in their operations. Examples include reducing carbon footprint and supporting local charities.

企业社会责任（CSR）是指企业自愿在运营中关注社会和环境问题，例如减少碳足迹和支持当地慈善机构。

Memory: think of ‘stake’ + ‘holder’ – someone who holds a stake, or interest, in the business.

记忆技巧：将“stake”（赌注）与“holder”（持有者）结合——在企业中持有利益的人。

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4. Market Research and Segmentation | 市场调研与细分

Market orientation means a business designs products based on customer needs identified by research. Product orientation means the business focuses on product quality and features, believing customers will buy if the product is good enough.

市场导向是指企业根据调研发现的客户需求来设计产品。产品导向则是指企业专注于产品质量和特性，认为只要产品足够好，消费者就会购买。

Primary research involves gathering new data first-hand through surveys, interviews, and focus groups. Secondary research uses existing data from government reports, newspapers, or online databases.

一手调研涉及亲自收集新数据，例如问卷调查、访谈和焦点小组。二手调研使用现有数据，如政府报告、报纸或在线数据库。

Quantitative data is numerical and can be measured (e.g., 80% of customers prefer red packaging). Qualitative data captures opinions, feelings, and detailed feedback in words.

定量数据是数字化的，

Published by TutorHao | Year 10 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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