Year 10 CAIE Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Year 10 CAIE 物理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 CAIE Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Year 10 CAIE 物理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the language of physics is just as important as understanding the formulas. This guide breaks down the essential terminology for Year 10 CAIE Physics into logical groups, with clear definitions and bilingual explanations to help you memorise faster. Use these pairings to build confidence when reading exam questions and writing answers.

掌握物理的语言与你理解公式同样重要。本指南将 Year 10 CAIE 物理的核心术语按逻辑分组，提供清晰的定义和双语解释，帮助你更快记忆。使用这些配对，在阅读考题和书写答案时建立信心。

1. Kinematics Terms | 运动学术语

Displacement: the shortest distance from an initial to a final position, in a specific direction. It is a vector quantity, measured in metres (m).

位移：从初始位置到最终位置的最短距离，具有特定的方向。它是矢量，单位是米 (m)。

Speed: the rate at which distance is covered, a scalar quantity, calculated as distance / time. Unit: m/s.

速率：移动距离的速率，是标量，用距离除以时间计算。单位：m/s。

Velocity: the rate of change of displacement, a vector quantity. v = Δs / Δt, where Δs is displacement.

速度：位移的变化率，是矢量。v = Δs / Δt，其中 Δs 是位移。

Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity. a = (v – u) / t. Unit: m/s². Negative acceleration is deceleration.

加速度：速度的变化率。a = (v – u) / t。单位：m/s²。负加速度就是减速度。

Uniform acceleration: when the velocity of an object changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals. The equations of motion apply, such as v = u + at and s = ut + ½at².

匀加速：当物体的速度在相等的时间间隔内改变相等的量。运动学方程适用，如 v = u + at 和 s = ut + ½at²。

v² = u² + 2as

Tip: Remember ‘SUVAT’ equations: s – displacement, u – initial velocity, v – final velocity, a – acceleration, t – time.

记忆技巧：记住 ‘SUVAT’ 方程：s – 位移，u – 初速度，v – 末速度，a – 加速度，t – 时间。

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2. Dynamics and Forces | 动力学与力

Force: a push or pull acting on an object due to its interaction with another object. Unit: newton (N). It can cause a change in shape, speed or direction.

力：由于与另一个物体的相互作用而施加在物体上的推或拉。单位：牛顿 (N)。可以引起形状、速度或方向的改变。

Mass: the amount of matter in an object, a scalar quantity measured in kilograms (kg). It does not change with location.

质量：物体所含物质的量，是标量，以千克 (kg) 为单位。它不会随位置改变。

Weight: the gravitational force acting on a mass. W = mg, where g is gravitational field strength (≈9.8 N/kg on Earth). It is a vector, measured in newtons.

重量：作用在质量上的重力。W = mg，其中 g 是引力场强度（地球约 9.8 N/kg）。它是矢量，单位牛顿。

Friction: a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (e.g. walking) or unwanted (e.g. heating in engines).

摩擦力：阻碍接触表面之间相对运动的力。它可以是有益的（如走路）或有害的（如引擎发热）。

Resultant force: the single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object combined. Newton’s second law: F = ma.

合力：与作用在物体上的所有力组合效果相同的单一力。牛顿第二定律：F = ma。

Terminal velocity: the constant speed reached when the resultant force on a falling object becomes zero (weight = air resistance).

终极速度：当落体上的合力变为零时（重力 = 空气阻力）达到的恒定速度。

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3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率

Energy: the capacity to do work. SI unit: joule (J). Forms include kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear and more. It is always conserved.

能量：做功的能力。SI 单位：焦耳 (J)。形式包括动能、势能、热能、化学能、核能等。它总是守恒。

Kinetic energy: energy due to motion. Eₖ = ½mv², where m is mass and v is speed.

动能：因运动而具有的能量。Eₖ = ½mv²，其中 m 是质量，v 是速率。

Gravitational potential energy: energy stored due to an object’s position in a gravitational field. Eₚ = mgh, where h is height.

重力势能：因物体在重力场中的位置而储存的能量。Eₚ = mgh，其中 h 是高度。

Work done: energy transferred when a force moves an object. W = F × d, where d is distance moved in the direction of the force. Unit: joule.

所做的功：力使物体移动时转移的能量。W = F × d，其中 d 是沿力的方向移动的距离。单位：焦耳。

Power: the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. P = W / t, unit: watt (W). 1 W = 1 J/s.

功率：做功或能量转移的速率。P = W / t，单位：瓦特 (W)。1 W = 1 J/s。

Efficiency: useful output energy (or power) divided by total input energy (or power), usually expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%.

效率：有用输出能量（或功率）除以总输入能量（或功率），通常以百分比表示。效率 = (有用输出 / 总输入) × 100%。

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4. Pressure and Density | 压强与密度

Density: mass per unit volume. ρ = m / V, where ρ is density in kg/m³, m is mass in kg, V is volume in m³.

密度：单位体积的质量。ρ = m / V，其中 ρ 是密度，单位 kg/m³，m 是质量 (kg)，V 是体积 (m³)。

Pressure: force acting per unit area. p = F / A. Unit: pascal (Pa). 1 Pa = 1 N/m². Fluids exert pressure in all directions.

压强：作用在单位面积上的力。p = F / A。单位：帕斯卡 (Pa)。1 Pa = 1 N/m²。流体向各个方向施加压强。

Liquid pressure: increases with depth and density. p = hρg, where h is depth, ρ density, g gravitational field strength.

液体压强：随深度和密度的增加而增大。p = hρg，其中 h 是深度，ρ 是密度，g 是引力场强度。

Atmospheric pressure: the pressure exerted by the weight of air above a surface. It decreases with altitude.

大气压强：由表面上方空气重量产生的压强。随海拔升高而降低。

Manometer / Barometer: instruments used to measure pressure difference (manometer) or atmospheric pressure (mercury barometer).

压力计 / 气压计：用于测量压强差（压力计）或大气压强（水银气压计）的仪器。

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5. Thermal Physics Terms | 热物理学术语

Temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. Measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or kelvin (K).

温度：物质中粒子平均动能的量度。以摄氏度 (°C) 或开尔文 (K) 计量。

Heat: energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one due to temperature difference. Unit: joule (J).

热量：由于温度差而从较热物体传递到较冷物体的能量。单位：焦耳 (J)。

Internal energy: the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance. It depends on temperature, state and mass.

内能：物质中所有粒子的动能和势能总和。取决于温度、状态和质量。

Specific heat capacity: the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C (or 1 K). Symbol c, unit J/(kg·°C). Q = mcΔθ.

比热容：将 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C（或 1 K）所需的能量。符号 c，单位 J/(kg·°C)。Q = mcΔθ。

Specific latent heat: energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature. Latent heat of fusion (melting) and vaporisation (boiling). L = Q / m, unit J/kg.

比潜热：在不改变温度的情况下使 1 kg 物质改变状态所需的能量。熔化潜热和汽化潜热。L = Q / m，单位 J/kg。

Conduction, convection, radiation: three methods of thermal energy transfer. Conduction requires a medium and direct contact; convection occurs in fluids; radiation is via electromagnetic waves and can travel through a vacuum.

传导、对流、辐射：热能传递的三种方式。传导需要介质和直接接触；对流发生在流体中；辐射通过电磁波，能在真空中传播。

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6. Waves: Properties and Types | 波：性质与类型

Wave: a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter. Two main types: transverse and longitudinal.

波：将能量从一处传递到另一处而不转移物质的扰动。两种主要类型：横波和纵波。

Transverse wave: oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, water waves). Key parts: crest, trough.

横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（例如光波、水波）。关键部分：波峰、波谷。

Longitudinal wave: oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. sound). Consists of compressions and rarefactions.

纵波：振动方向平行于能量传递方向（例如声波）。由压缩和稀疏组成。

Wavelength (λ): distance between two consecutive points in phase (e.g. crest to crest). Unit: metre (m).

波长 (λ)：两个连续相同相位点（如波峰到波峰）之间的距离。单位：米 (m)。

Frequency (f): number of complete waves passing a point per second. Unit: hertz (Hz). f = 1 / T, where T is period.

频率 (f)：每秒通过某点的完整波数。单位：赫兹 (Hz)。f = 1 / T，T 是周期。

Wave speed (v): v = fλ. For light in a vacuum, v = c ≈ 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s. Sound travels at about 330 m/s in air.

波速 (v)：v = fλ。真空中光速 v = c ≈ 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。声音在空气中传播速度约为 330 m/s。

Reflection, refraction, diffraction: wave behaviors. Reflection is bouncing off a surface; refraction is bending when changing speed in different media; diffraction is spreading through a gap or around obstacles.

反射、折射、衍射：波的行为。反射是从表面弹回；折射是在不同介质中改变速度时弯曲；衍射是通过间隙或绕过障碍物时扩散。

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7. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路

Electric current (I): the rate of flow of electric charge. I = Q / t, where Q is charge in coulombs (C). Unit: ampere (A). Conventional current flows from positive to negative.

电流 (I)：电荷流动的速率。I = Q / t，Q 是电荷，单位库仑 (C)。单位：安培 (A)。常规电流从正极流向负极。

Potential difference (voltage, V): the energy transferred per unit charge between two points. V = W / Q. Unit: volt (V). 1 V = 1 J/C.

电势差（电压，V）：两点之间每单位电荷转移的能量。V = W / Q。单位：伏特 (V)。1 V = 1 J/C。

Resistance (R): opposition to current flow. R = V / I. Unit: ohm (Ω). Conductors have low resistance; insulators have very high resistance.

电阻 (R)：对电流流动的阻碍。R = V / I。单位：欧姆 (Ω)。导体的电阻低；绝缘体的电阻非常高。

Ohm’s Law: at constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. V = IR.

欧姆定律：在恒定温度下，通过导体的电流与两端电势差成正比。V = IR。

Series circuit: components connected end-to-end; same current flows through each, total voltage is the sum of individual voltages. R_total = R₁ + R₂ + …

串联电路：元件首尾相连；流过每个元件的电流相同，总电压等于各电压之和。R_total = R₁ + R₂ + …

Parallel circuit: components connected across the same two points; each receives the full voltage, total current is the sum of branch currents. 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …

并联电路：元件连接在相同的两个点之间；每个元件得到全部电压，总电流等于各支路电流之和。1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …

Electrical power: P = IV = I²R = V² / R. Unit: watt (W). Energy transferred E = Pt.

电功率：P = IV = I²R = V² / R。单位：瓦特 (W)。传递的能量 E = Pt。

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8. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学

Magnetic field: a region around a magnet where magnetic materials experience a force. Field lines go from north to south pole.

磁场：磁体周围磁性材料受到力的区域。磁感线从北极指向南极。

Electromagnet: a coil of wire (solenoid) with a soft iron core; magnetic field is produced when current flows. The strength increases with more coils, higher current or an iron core.

电磁铁：带有软铁芯的线圈（螺线管）；当电流流过时产生磁场。增加线圈圈数、增大电流或加入铁芯可以增强磁场。

Motor effect: a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force. F = BIL (for a wire perpendicular to field), where B is magnetic flux density.

电动机效应：磁场中的载流导体会受到力。F = BIL（适用于导线垂直于磁场），B 是磁通量密度。

Fleming’s left-hand rule: used to find the direction of force (thumb), magnetic field (first finger) and current (second finger) for the motor effect.

弗莱明左手定则：用于确定电动机效应中力的方向（拇指）、磁场方向（食指）和电流方向（中指）。

Electromagnetic induction: a voltage is induced in a conductor when it moves through a magnetic field or when the magnetic field changes. This is the principle of generators.

电磁感应：当导体在磁场中运动或磁场变化时，导体会感应出电压。这是发电机的原理。

Fleming’s right-hand rule: gives direction of induced current (second finger) when conductor moves (thumb) in a magnetic field (first finger).

弗莱明右手定则：用于确定导体在磁场中运动时感应电流的方向（拇指–运动、食指–磁场、中指–电流）。

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9. Radioactivity and Atomic Physics | 放射性与原子物理

Atom structure: nucleus containing protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral), surrounded by electrons (negative) in shells. Atomic number (Z) = number of protons; mass number (A) = protons + neutrons.

原子结构：原子核包含质子（正电）和中子（不带电），核外电子（负电）分层排布。原子序数 (Z) = 质子数；质量数 (A) = 质子数 + 中子数。

Isotope: atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different neutron numbers. Chemical properties are identical; physical properties may differ.

同位素：同一元素质子数相同但中子数不同的原子。化学性质相同；物理性质可能不同。

Radioactive decay: spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei, emitting radiation. Types: alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ). Activity is measured in becquerels (Bq).

放射性衰变：不稳定原子核自发分裂，发出辐射。类型：α、β、γ。活度以贝克勒尔 (Bq) 为单位。

Alpha particle: helium nucleus, 2 protons + 2 neutrons, low penetration, highly ionising, stopped by paper.

α 粒子：氦核，2个质子 + 2个中子，穿透力低，电离能力强，能被纸挡住。

Beta particle: fast-moving electron, moderate penetration, moderate ionising, stopped by aluminium foil.

β 粒子：快速移动的电子，中等穿透力，中等电离能力，能被铝箔挡住。

Gamma ray: electromagnetic wave, very high penetration, low ionising, reduced by thick lead or concrete.

γ 射线：电磁波，极高穿透力，电离能力低，厚铅或混凝土可减弱。

Half-life: average time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. It is constant for a given isotope and unaffected by physical conditions.

半衰期：样品中一半放射性原子核衰变所需的平均时间。对给定同位素是常数，不受物理条件影响。

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10. Memory Aids and Key Formulas Summary | 记忆辅助与关键公式总结

Use acronyms to recall groups of terms. For motion: SUVAT. For EM spectrum: ‘Real Men In Vests Use X-ray Glasses’ (Radio, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma). For energy transfers in a circuit: think ‘V I P’ (Voltage × Current = Power).

使用字母缩写帮助记忆术语组。运动学：SUVAT。电磁波谱：’Real Men In Vests Use X-ray Glasses’（无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线）。电路中的能量转移：记住 ‘V I P’（电压 × 电流 = 功率）。

Formula	Terms
v = u + at	velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, time
s = ut + ½at²	displacement, initial velocity, acceleration, time
F = ma	force, mass, acceleration
W = mg	weight, mass, gravitational field strength
Eₖ = ½mv²	kinetic energy, mass, speed
Eₚ = mgh	gravitational potential energy, mass, g, height
P = E / t	power, energy transferred, time
p = F / A	pressure, force, area
V = IR	voltage, current, resistance (Ohm’s law)
v = fλ	wave speed, frequency, wavelength

Repetition and active recall are the most powerful memory techniques. Write each term on a flashcard with its definition on the back, then test yourself repeatedly. Connect new terms to familiar images or stories.

重复和主动回忆是最有效的记忆技巧。将每个术语写在闪卡上，背面写上定义，然后反复自测。将新术语与你熟悉的图像或故事联系起来。

When practising past papers, highlight every key physics word and say its meaning aloud. This trains your brain to retrieve terminology quickly under exam pressure.

在做历年真题时，高亮每一个关键的物理词汇并大声说出其含义。这样能训练你的大脑在考试压力下快速提取术语。

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