📚 Year 10 CAIE Statistics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | 十年级CAIE统计：词汇术语速记指南
In CAIE IGCSE Statistics, a solid grasp of subject-specific vocabulary is essential for understanding questions and crafting precise answers. This guide breaks down the most important terms into manageable categories, pairing each with a clear definition and a memory aid to help you recall them quickly under exam pressure. Master these terms and you will read questions with confidence and express your reasoning like an examiner expects.
在CAIE IGCSE统计课程中，牢固掌握学科专用术语对于理解题意和给出准确作答至关重要。本指南将最重要的术语按类别分解，每个术语都配以清晰的定义和记忆技巧，帮助你在考试压力下快速回忆。掌握这些术语后，你将自信地审题，并能像考官所期望的那样表达你的推理。
1. Data Types and Variables | 数据类型与变量
Quantitative Data refers to information that can be measured or counted using numbers. It is split into discrete data (countable, like the number of cars) and continuous data (measurable, like height). Remember: “quantitative = quantity,” so you can do arithmetic with it.
定量数据指可以用数字测量或计数的信息。它分为离散数据（可计数，如汽车数量）和连续数据（可测量，如身高）。记忆窍门：”定量”联想”数量”，意味着你可以对其进行算术运算。
Qualitative (Categorical) Data describes qualities or categories that cannot be measured numerically, such as eye colour or types of pet. Think of “qualitative = quality” – it tells you what kind, not how much.
定性（分类）数据描述无法用数字测量的性质或类别，如眼睛颜色或宠物种类。联想”定性即品质”——它告诉你种类，而不是多少。
Raw Data is the original, unprocessed information collected during a survey or experiment. It often looks messy before being organised into tables or graphs. Picture “raw vegetables” – untouched and needing preparation.
原始数据是在调查或实验中收集的未经过处理的第一手信息。在被整理成表格或图形之前，它通常看起来杂乱无章。想象一下”生蔬菜”——未经加工，需要处理。
Variable is any characteristic that can vary or take different values across individuals, such as age, test score, or favourite colour. Remember: “variables can vary.”
变量是指在不同个体之间可以变化或取不同值的任何特征，如年龄、考试成绩或最喜欢的颜色。记忆：”变量即可变的量。”
2. Population, Sample, and Census | 总体、样本与普查
Population is the entire group of individuals or items that you want to study. For example, all Year 10 students in your school. Think of it as the “whole pie.”
总体是你想要研究的整个个体或项目的集合。例如，你所在学校的所有十年级学生。将其想象为”整个馅饼”。
Sample is a smaller, manageable subset selected from the population. It should be representative to allow conclusions about the population. “Sample = small slice” of the pie.
样本是从总体中选出的较小且便于管理的子集。它应当具有代表性，以便对总体作出结论。”样本=一小块”馅饼。
Census is a survey that collects data from every member of the population. A national census happens every ten years in many countries. It is accurate but expensive. “Census = count everyone.”
普查是从总体中的每一个成员收集数据的调查。许多国家每十年进行一次全国人口普查。它准确但成本高昂。”普查=数清每一个人”。
Sampling Frame is a list of all the members of the population from which a sample is drawn. It could be a register or a database. A flawed sampling frame leads to biased results. Imagine a “photo frame” that contains the whole picture.
抽样框是一个包含总体所有成员的清单，样本从该清单中抽取。它可以是一个登记册或数据库。有缺陷的抽样框会导致有偏的结果。想象一个”相框”，里面装着整张画面。
3. Frequency Distribution Tables | 频数分布表
Frequency is the number of times a particular data value or category occurs. For instance, if 8 students chose blue, the frequency for blue is 8. “Frequency = how frequently it appears.”
频数是某个特定数据值或类别出现的次数。例如，如果8名学生选择了蓝色，那么蓝色的频数就是8。”频数=它出现的频繁程度”。
Relative Frequency expresses frequency as a fraction or percentage of the total. Relative frequency = frequency ÷ total. It helps compare proportions across different sized groups.
相对频数将频数表示为总数的分数或百分比。相对频数 = 频数 ÷ 总频数。它有助于比较不同规模组的占比。
Cumulative Frequency is the running total of frequencies up to a certain point. It answers questions like “how many students scored less than 50?” “Cumulative = adding as you go.”
累积频数是截至某一点频数的累计总和。它能回答诸如”有多少学生得分低于50？”的问题。”累积=边走边加”。
Class Interval is a group of values in a grouped frequency table, such as 10–19 or 100 ≤ x < 110. The width should be consistent to avoid misleading diagrams. "Class = a bin that collects values."
组距是分组频数表中的一组值，如10–19或100 ≤ x < 110。组距宽度应保持一致，以避免产生误导的图表。"组=收集数值的箱子"。
4. Charts and Graphs | 图表与图形
Bar Chart displays categorical data with rectangular bars whose heights represent frequency. Bars have gaps between them to show categories are separate. “Bar chart = bars with gaps.”
条形图用矩形条来表示分类数据，条的高度代表频数。条与条之间有间隙，表明类别是分开的。”条形图=带间隙的条”。
Histogram shows the distribution of continuous data. Bars touch each other, and the area of each bar is proportional to frequency. When class widths are equal, height represents frequency. “Histogram = no gaps, area matters.”
直方图显示连续数据的分布。条与条彼此紧挨，每个条的面积与频数成正比。当组距宽度相等时，高度代表频数。”直方图=无间隙，面积最重要”。
Pie Chart uses sectors of a circle to represent proportions of a whole. Each sector’s angle = (frequency / total) × 360°. “Pie chart = slices of a pie; think of ‘angle = share × 360’.”
饼图用圆的扇区来表示整体的各个部分。每个扇区的角度 = (频数 / 总频数) × 360°。”饼图=馅饼的切片；记忆’角度=份额×360′”。
Stem-and-leaf Diagram organises numerical data while preserving the original values. The ‘stem’ is the leading digit(s), and the ‘leaf’ is the final digit. A key is essential. “Stem-and-leaf = tree that keeps each data point.”
茎叶图在组织数据的同时保留了原始数值。”茎”是前导数字，”叶”是最后一位数字。必须配有图例。”茎叶图=保留每个数据点的树”。
5. Measures of Central Tendency | 集中趋势度量
Mean (x̄) is the sum of all values divided by the number of values. It is the most common “average” but can be affected by outliers. Formula: x̄ = Σx / n. Think “mean = the balancing point.”
平均数 (x̄)是所有数值之和除以数值的个数。它是最常见的”平均”，但易受异常值影响。公式：x̄ = Σx / n。联想”平均数=平衡点”。
Median is the middle value when data is ordered. For an even count, median = mean of the two middle numbers. It is not skewed by outliers. “Median = medium; the one in the middle.”
中位数是将数据排序后位于中间的值。当数据个数为偶数时，中位数是中间两个数的平均数。它不受异常值的影响。”中位数=中间的数”。
Mode is the value that appears most frequently. A data set can have one mode, more than one mode (bimodal, multimodal), or no mode. “Mode = most often.”
众数是出现频率最高的值。一个数据集可以有一个众数、多个众数（双众数、多众数）或没有众数。”众数=最常出现”。
6. Measures of Spread | 离散程度度量
Range is the difference between the highest and lowest values. Range = max – min. It gives a quick sense of spread but ignores the middle data. “Range = reach from bottom to top.”
极差是最大值与最小值之差。极差 = 最大值 – 最小值。它能快速反映离散程度，但忽略了中间的数据。”极差=从底到顶的跨度”。
Quartiles divide ordered data into four equal parts. Q₁ (lower quartile) is the 25th percentile, Q₂ (median) is the 50th, and Q₃ (upper quartile) is the 75th. “Quartiles = quarters of the data.”
四分位数将排序后的数据分成四个相等的部分。Q₁（下四分位数）是第25百分位数，Q₂（中位数）是第50百分位数，Q₃（上四分位数）是第75百分位数。”四分位数=数据的四等分”。
Interquartile Range (IQR) measures the spread of the middle 50% of data. IQR = Q₃ – Q₁. It is unaffected by extreme outliers. “IQR = middle spread; ignore the tails.”
四分位距 (IQR)衡量中间50%数据的离散程度。IQR = Q₃ – Q₁。它不受极端异常值的影响。”IQR=中间的离散程度；忽略尾端”。
Standard Deviation (σ) measures the typical distance of values from the mean. A larger σ indicates more variability. This is often calculated via a formula and is crucial for comparing consistency. “σ = average deviation from the mean.”
标准差 (σ)衡量数值与平均数之间的典型距离。σ越大表明变异越大。这通常通过公式计算，并且对于比较一致性至关重要。”σ=与平均数的平均偏差”。
7. Probability Terminology | 概率术语
Experiment is a repeatable process that yields outcomes, such as rolling a die or flipping a coin. “Experiment = a trial you can repeat.”
试验是一个可重复进行并产生结果的过程，如掷骰子或抛硬币。”试验=可重复进行的尝试”。
Outcome is a possible result of an experiment. For a die, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are the outcomes. “Outcome = what comes out.”
结果是试验的一种可能的结果。对于一枚骰子，1,2,3,4,5,6都是结果。”结果=发生出来的结果”。
Sample Space (S) is the set of all possible outcomes. For two coins, S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}. “Sample space = the complete list of possibilities.”
样本空间 (S)是所有可能结果的集合。对于两枚硬币，S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}。”样本空间=所有可能性的完整清单”。
Mutually Exclusive Events are events that cannot happen at the same time. Getting a 3 and a 5 on a single roll of a die are mutually exclusive. “Mutually exclusive = they exclude each other.”
互斥事件指不可能同时发生的事件。在一次掷骰子中同时得到3和5就是互斥的。”互斥=它们互相排斥”。
8. Correlation and Scatter Plots | 相关性与散点图
Bivariate Data involves pairs of values for two variables, such as height and weight. It is plotted on a scatter graph. “Bi- = two, variate = variable.”
双变量数据涉及两个变量的成对数值，如身高和体重。它被绘制在散点图上。”双”表示两个，”变量”即可变特征。
Positive Correlation means that as one variable increases, the other tends to increase. The points on a scatter plot slope upward. “Positive = up together.”
正相关意味着当一个变量增加时，另一个变量也倾向于增加。散点图上的点趋势向上。”正=一起向上”。
Negative Correlation means that as one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. The scatter plot slopes downward. “Negative = one goes up, the other goes down.”
负相关意味着当一个变量增加时，另一个变量倾向于减少。散点图趋势向下。”负=一上一下”。
Line of Best Fit is a straight line drawn through a scatter plot to represent the trend. It should have roughly equal numbers of points above and below it. “Best fit = balance the points like a seesaw.”
最佳拟合线是穿过散点图的一条直线，用以代表趋势。线上方和线下方的点数量应大致相等。”最佳拟合=像跷跷板一样平衡各点”。
9. Bias and Sampling Methods | 偏差与抽样方法
Bias occurs when a sample does not fairly represent the population, leading to misleading conclusions. Sources include poor sampling frames or non-response. “Bias = unfair leaning.”
偏差当样本不能公正地代表总体时发生，导致误导性的结论。来源包括糟糕的抽样框或无回应。”偏差=不公平的倾斜”。
Simple Random Sample is when every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen, often using random number generators. “Random sample = lottery draw.”
简单随机样本指总体中每个成员都有相等的机会被选中，通常使用随机数生成器。”随机样本=抽奖”。
Stratified Sampling divides the population into distinct groups (strata) and takes a proportional random sample from each. This guarantees representation from each sub-group. “Strata = layers; sample each layer proportionally.”
分层抽样将总体分成不同的组（层），并从每一层中按比例随机抽样。这保证了每个子组都有代表。”层=分层；按比例从每层抽样”。
Systematic Sampling selects every k-th member from a list after a random start. It is easier to conduct but can introduce bias if there is a hidden pattern. “Systematic = regular interval picking.”
系统抽样在随机起点后，从列表中每隔k个成员抽取一个。它较容易实施，但如果存在隐藏的周期模式，可能引入偏差。”系统=等距抽取”。
10. Key Verbs in Exam Questions | 试题中的关键动词
Describe asks you to state what the data or graph shows without explaining why. Use terms like “increases,” “decreases,” “fluctuates.” “Describe = paint the picture, not the cause.”
描述要求你陈述数据或图表显示的信息，不需要解释原因。使用”增加””减少””波动”等词汇。”描述=描绘画面，而非原因”。
Compare means you need to identify similarities and/or differences between two or more data sets, often using comparative words like “higher than,” “more consistent.” “Compare = contrast and link.”
比较指你需要识别两个或多个数据集之间的相似点和/或不同点，常使用”比……高””更一致”等比较词。”比较=对照并关联”。
Interpret requires you to explain the meaning of statistics within the given context. You should refer back to the scenario. “Interpret = make sense of the numbers in real life.”
解释要求你在给定情境中说明统计量的含义。你应当联系场景作答。”解释=理解数字在现实生活中的意义”。
Comment expects a judgment or observation based on evidence, often mentioning outliers or unusual patterns. Use phrases like “this suggests that…” “Comment = offer your insight.”
评论期待基于证据的判断或观察，经常会提到异常值或不寻常的模式。使用”这表明……”等短语。”评论=提供你的见解”。
Calculate simply means work out the numerical answer. Show your substitution into formulae clearly. “Calculate = do the maths and show steps.”
计算就是要求算出数值答案。清楚地展示代入公式的过程。”计算=算出来并展示步骤”。
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