Year 10 Eduqas Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 10 Eduqas 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 Eduqas Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 10 Eduqas 中文：公式定理速查手册

This concise handbook brings together the essential grammatical ‘formulas’ and sentence patterns you need for Year 10 Eduqas Chinese. Think of each structure as a theorem – a reliable rule that, once mastered, allows you to build accurate and expressive sentences. Whether you are revising for a speaking assessment, preparing for writing tasks, or just trying to solidify your foundation, these reference cards will give you a clear and systematic overview of the most important building blocks of Mandarin.

这本速查手册汇总了 Year 10 Eduqas 中文课程的核心语法“公式”和关键句型。你可以把每个结构看作一条定理——一条可靠的语言规则，一旦掌握，就能帮你搭建准确而生动的中文句子。无论你是在准备口语评估、写作练习，还是想夯实基础，这些速查卡片都将为你提供一个清晰、系统的中文核心构件总览。

1. Word Order & Basic Sentence Structure | 基本语序与句子结构

The fundamental formula for a simple declarative sentence in Chinese follows the pattern Subject – Time – Place – Manner – Verb – Object. This is the backbone of all Chinese sentences. Unlike English, Chinese keeps the time and place phrases before the verb, never at the end.

中文简单陈述句的基本公式遵循“主语 – 时间 – 地点 – 方式 – 动词 – 宾语”的语序。这是所有中文句子的骨架。与英语不同，中文的时间词和地点词始终放在动词之前，从不后置。

Subject + Time + Place + Manner + Verb + Object

主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 方式 + 动词 + 宾语

Example: ‘I ate noodles at the canteen yesterday.’ becomes ‘I yesterday at the canteen ate noodles.’ The theorem holds that Chinese time and place must precede the action. Following this order makes your sentences sound natural and accurate.

例如，“我昨天在食堂吃面条。” 这条定理告诉我们，中文里的时间和地点必须放在动作之前。遵循这一语序会让你的句子听起来自然且准确。

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2. The “是” Sentence Pattern & Identification | “是”字句与判断式

The verb 是 (shi, to be) is used to link two noun phrases or to identify a subject. The basic formula is simple, but note that 是 is not used before adjectives – that is a common mistake. For adjectives, use degree adverbs like 很 (very) instead.

动词“是”用于连接两个名词短语或进行判断。基本公式很简单，但要注意“是”不能直接放在形容词前——这是一个常见错误。形容词语句要用程度副词，比如“很”，而非“是”。

Noun + 是 + Noun/Place/Time

名词 + 是 + 名词/地点/时间

Correct: 他是学生。 (He is a student.) Incorrect: 他是高。 Correct adjective sentence: 他很高。 (He is tall.) Remember that 是 is used for identity, profession, nationality, and time, but not for describing qualities.

正确：他是学生。错误：他是高。正确的形容词句：他很高。记住，“是”用于身份、职业、国籍和时间等判断，但不用于描述性质。

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3. The “有” Sentence & Existential Structures | “有”字句与存现句

有 (you, to have / there is) serves two core functions: expressing possession and indicating existence. The possession formula is straightforward. The existence formula is often used with location words to describe what is in a place.

“有”具备两个核心功能：表示拥有和表示存在。拥有公式很简单。存在公式常与方位词搭配，用来描述某处有什么。

Possession: Subject + 有 + Object

拥有：主语 + 有 + 宾语

Existence: Place + 有 + Object

存在：地点 + 有 + 宾语

Examples: 我有一本书。 (I have a book.) 桌子上有一本书。 (There is a book on the table.) The negative form is 没有, and the question can be formed with 有没有 or 吗. These patterns are foundational for describing your room, school, or city.

例句：我有一本书。桌子上有一本书。否定形式是“没有”，疑问句可以用“有没有”或“吗”。这些模式是描述你的房间、学校或城市的基础。

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4. The “把” Structure Formula | “把”字句公式

The 把 (ba) construction is a unique and vital formula in Chinese. It is used when an action is applied to a specific object, causing a change or a result. The object is moved before the verb and marked by 把. The formula requires that the verb be followed by some kind of complement or change indicator; a bare verb cannot end a 把 sentence.

“把”字句是中文里一个独特而重要的公式。当某个动作施加于特定物体并引起变化或结果时，就需要用到它。宾语被提到动词之前并由“把”标示。该公式要求动词后必须带有补语或其他结果成分，光杆动词不能结束“把”字句。

Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Result/Complement

主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 结果/补语

Example: 我把作业做完了。 (I finished the homework.) Without 了/完, the sentence would be incomplete. 把 sentences are extremely common in instructions and spoken Chinese, so mastering this theorem is essential for fluent expression.

例句：我把作业做完了。如果没有“了”或“完”，句子就不完整。“把”字句在指令和口语中极为常见，因此掌握这条定理对表达流利度至关重要。

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5. The “被” Structure & Passive Voice | “被”字句与被动语态

The 被 (bei) structure is the standard passive formula. It marks the agent of an action, similar to the English ‘by’. It is used when the subject receives the action, often with a sense of something unfortunate or undesirable, though neutral usage is also common in modern Chinese.

“被”字句是标准的被动公式。它标记动作的发出者，类似英语的“by”。当主语承受动作时使用，常带有不如意或不愉快的色彩，但在现代中文里中性用法也日益普遍。

Receiver + 被 + (Agent) + Verb + Complement

受事者 + 被 + (施事者) + 动词 + 补语

Example: 我的手机被偷了。 (My mobile phone was stolen.) In this sentence, the agent is omitted. If included: 我的手机被小偷偷了。 Remember that the verb still requires a complement or change marker; 被 cannot stand alone with a bare verb.

例句：我的手机被偷了。施事者若省略，仍成立；若加上：我的手机被小偷偷了。记住，动词依然需要补语或变化标记，光杆动词不能单独用于“被”字句。

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6. Aspect Markers: 了, 过, 着, 在 | 动态助词：了、过、着、在

Chinese does not conjugate verbs, but uses aspect markers to indicate the status of an action. The four key markers form a theorem system for expressing completed, experienced, continuous, and ongoing actions. Their positions in the sentence follow strict patterns.

中文不进行动词变位，而是使用动态助词来表明动作的状态。这四个关键标记构成了一套表达完成、经历、持续和进行动作的定理系统。它们在句中的位置遵循严格的模式。

• 了: verb + 了 indicates completion. 我吃了饭。 (I’ve eaten.)

  了: 动词+了 表示动作完成。我吃了饭。

• 过: verb + 过 indicates past experience. 我去过中国。 (I’ve been to China.)

  过: 动词+过 表示过去的经历。我去过中国。

• 着: verb + 着 indicates a continuous state. 门开着。 (The door is open.)

  着: 动词+着 表示状态的持续。门开着。

• 在: 在 + verb indicates an action in progress. 我在看书。 (I am reading.)

  在: 在+动词 表示动作正在进行。我在看书。

A critical theorem: 了 is not a past tense marker, but a completion marker. It can be used in future contexts (明天我下了课去找你。Tomorrow after I finish class, I’ll go find you.). Understanding this prevents tense-related errors.

一条关键定理：“了”不是过去时标记，而是完成体标记。它可以用在未来语境中（明天我下了课去找你）。理解这点能避免时态相关的错误。

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7. Comparative Sentences (比, 跟…一样, 最) | 比较句（比、跟…一样、最）

Comparative structures in Chinese follow fixed formulaic patterns. There is no comparative adjective form; instead, the word 比 (bi) is inserted between the two items being compared, with the adjective remaining unchanged. This is one of the most frequently tested grammar points at Year 10.

中文比较句遵循固定的公式模式。形容词本身没有比较级变形，只需在两个比较对象之间插入“比”，形容词保持原形。这是 Year 10 最常考的语法点之一。

A + 比 + B + Adjective

A + 比 + B + 形容词

Example: 他比我高。 (He is taller than me.) For equal comparison, the formula is A + 跟 + B + 一样 + Adjective. 他跟我一样高。 (He is as tall as me.) For superlative, 最 + Adjective is used: 他最高。 (He is the tallest.) These three formulas cover almost all comparative needs.

例句：他比我高。平比公式为“A 跟 B 一样 + 形容词”：他跟我一样高。最高级则用“最 + 形容词”：他最高。这三条公式几乎覆盖了所有比较需求。

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8. Complement of Result & Direction | 结果补语与趋向补语

Complements are a central theorem in Chinese verb phrases. They attach directly after a verb to indicate the outcome (result) or the direction of the action. The structure is verb + complement, and negating them uses 没 or 不 before the whole phrase, not after.

补语是中文动词短语中的核心定理。它们紧跟在动词之后，表明动作的结果或方向。结构为“动词 + 补语”，否定时用“没”或“不”放在整个短语之前，而非之后。

Result: Verb + 完/懂/到/好 etc.

结果：动词 + 完/懂/到/好 等

Direction: Verb + 来/去 or Verb + 上/下/进/出 + 来/去

趋向：动词 + 来/去 或 动词 + 上/下/进/出 + 来/去

Examples: 我看完了那本书。 (I finished reading that book.) 她走进了教室。 (She walked into the classroom.) The 得 structure for potential complement (看得懂 vs. 看不懂) can also be seen as a theorem for expressing ability or possibility.

例句：我看完了那本书。她走进了教室。可能补语用“得”的结构（看得懂 vs. 看不懂）也可以看作表示能力或可能性的定理。

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9. Modal Verbs & Auxiliary Verbs | 能愿动词公式

Modal verbs like 想 (would like), 要 (want to / going to), 会 (can / will), 能 (can), and 可以 (may / can) are placed before the main verb and do not conjugate. They form a straightforward formula that enables you to express desires, abilities, and obligations. The key theorem is that 能 and 可以 overlap in meaning but differ in register and some contexts of permission vs. ability.

能愿动词（想、要、会、能、可以）位于主要动词之前，无需变位。它们构成了一条简单的公式，使你能表达愿望、能力和义务。关键定理是，“能”和“可以”意义有重叠，但在语体以及许可与能力的某些语境中有所区别。

Subject + Modal Verb + Verb (+ Object)

主语 + 能愿动词 + 动词 (+ 宾语)

• 我想吃中国菜。 (I would like to eat Chinese food.)
• 我会说中文。 (I can speak Chinese.)
• 你可以用我的笔。 (You can use my pen.)
• 我能帮你。 (I can help you.)

Negation for 要 is 不想 or 不要 (in the sense of ‘don’t’); for 会, it’s 不会; for 可以, it’s 不可以 or 不能. These are essential for polite requests and daily communication.

否定的公式：“要”的否定是“不想”或“不要”（表示别）；“会”用“不会”；“可以”用“不可以”或“不能”。这些在日常交流和礼貌请求中十分关键。

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10. Question Formulas & Interrogatives | 疑问句公式

Year 10 Eduqas Chinese tests your ability to ask questions accurately. There are four main question formulas: the 吗 particle, affirmative-negative pattern (V不V / Adj不Adj), question-word questions, and the 呢 particle for follow-up questions. Using the correct formula ensures clarity and grammatical precision.

Year 10 Eduqas 中文会考查你准确提问的能力。主要有四种疑问句公式：用“吗”的疑问句、正反问句（V不V / Adj不Adj）、疑问词问句以及用于接续话题的“呢”问句。使用正确的公式能确保清晰和语法精确。

Statement + 吗？

Verb/Adj + 不 + Verb/Adj？

Question word (什么, 谁, 哪儿, 怎么, 几, 多少) + Statement?

Topic + 呢？

Examples: 你是学生吗？ (Are you a student?) 你是不是学生？ (Are you a student or not?) 你叫什么名字？ (What is your name?) 我很忙，你呢？ (I’m very busy, and you?) Remember that 吗 cannot be used with a question word, and the V不V pattern directly embeds the verb.

例句：你是学生吗？你是不是学生？你叫什么名字？我很忙，你呢？记住，“吗”不能与疑问词共存，而正反问句直接将动词嵌入。

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11. Measure Words & Quantity Expressions | 量词与数量表达

In Chinese, a number cannot directly modify a noun without a measure word. The formula is Number + Measure Word + Noun. This is an invariable theorem. Frequent measure words like 个 (general), 本 (for books), 张 (for flat objects), 只 (for animals), and 条 (for long, flexible things) must be memorised as part of the vocabulary.

中文里，数词不能直接修饰名词，必须借助量词。公式为“数词 + 量词 + 名词”。这是一条不变的定理。常见的量词，如“个”（通用）、“本”（书）、“张”（平面物）、“只”（动物）、“条”（细长物），必须作为词汇加以熟记。

Number + Measure Word + Noun

数词 + 量词 + 名词

Example: 三个苹果 (three apples), 一本书, 一张纸. The fixed phrase ‘一点儿’ (a little) and ‘一下’ (briefly, for a moment) also follow measure-word logic and are essential for softening tone and expressing short duration. Mastering measure words elevates your speaking and writing instantly.

例句：三个苹果、一本书、一张纸。固定表达“一点儿”和“一下”也遵循量词逻辑，是缓和语气和表达短暂动作的关键。掌握量词能立刻提升你的口语和写作水平。

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12. Common Connective Formulas | 连接词公式与复句

Connective structures allow you to link ideas and form compound sentences, which is required for higher-mark writing tasks. The fundamental formulas include 因为…所以… (because…so…), 虽然…但是… (although…), 如果…就… (if…then…), and 不但…而且… (not only…but also…). Each pair must be used correctly; mixing them or omitting one part can distort the meaning.

连接结构能让你连接观点并构成复句，这是高分写作任务的必备项。基本公式包括“因为…所以…”、“虽然…但是…”、“如果…就…”和“不但…而且…”。每一对都必须正确使用，混用或遗漏一部分都会歪曲语义。

因为 + Reason, 所以 + Result

虽然 + Concession, 但是 + Contrast

如果 + Condition, 就 + Consequence

Example: 因为下雨，所以我不去公园。虽然考试很难，但是我不怕。如果你来，我就很高兴。 Note that in Chinese, both conjunctions in a pair can appear, which is different from English.

例句：因为下雨，所以我不去公园。虽然考试很难，但是我不怕。如果你来，我就很高兴。注意，中文里成对的连词可以同时出现，这与英语不同。

By internalising these twelve formulaic theorems, you equip yourself with a robust toolkit for tackling the Eduqas Chinese assessments. Use this handbook as a rapid revision aid before your speaking, writing, and listening exams.

通过内化这十二条公式化定理，你就为自己装备了一个强大的工具箱，足以应对 Eduqas 中文评估。在口语、写作和听力前用它作为快速复习辅助资料。

Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com

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