📚 Year 10 Eduqas Politics: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | 10年级 Eduqas 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms in your Year 10 Eduqas Politics course is the first step toward exam success. This guide breaks down essential political vocabulary into ten themed sections, pairing each term with a clear English definition followed by a Chinese explanation. Use the memory tips to lock these concepts in your long-term memory and build confidence for assessments.
掌握 Year 10 Eduqas 政治课程中的关键术语是迈向考试成功的第一步。本指南将核心政治词汇分成十个主题板块，每个术语先给出清晰的英文定义，再配以中文解释。利用记忆小贴士将这些概念牢牢锁进长期记忆，为测评做好准备。
1. Democracy and Participation | 民主与参与
Democracy – A system of government where the people hold power, typically by voting in elections to choose representatives or decide on policies directly.
民主 – 一种人民掌握权力的政府体制，通常通过选举投票选出代表或直接决定政策。
Direct democracy – A form of democracy in which citizens vote on laws and policies themselves, without going through elected representatives. An example is a referendum.
直接民主 – 公民无需通过选举产生的代表，自行对法律和政策进行投票的一种民主形式。公投就是一个例子。
Representative democracy – Citizens elect representatives (such as MPs) to make decisions and pass laws on their behalf. The UK follows this model.
代议制民主 – 公民选举代表（如议员）代替自己做出决策和通过法律。英国遵循此模式。
Active citizenship – The idea that citizens should be engaged and involved in their communities and in political processes, beyond just voting.
积极公民 – 公民不仅是在投票，还应参与社区事务和政治过程的理念。
Memory tip: ‘Direct’ = do it yourself; ‘Representative’ = someone does it for you. Think DIY vs hiring a builder.
记忆窍门：直接民主像自己动手装修，代议制民主像请人代劳。
2. The UK Constitution | 英国宪法
Constitution – The set of fundamental principles and rules according to which a state is governed. It defines how power is distributed and limited.
宪法 – 国家治理所依据的一套根本原则与规则，规定权力如何分配与限制。
Uncodified constitution – A constitution that is not written down in a single, authoritative document. The UK’s constitution is uncodified, drawing from multiple sources like statutes, conventions, and legal rulings.
不成文宪法 – 未以单一权威文件写就的宪法。英国宪法是不成文的，源于法规、惯例和法律裁决等多种渊源。
Statute law – Laws that have been passed by Parliament and written down as Acts. These are the highest form of law in the UK.
成文法 – 由议会通过并以法案形式写下的法律，是英国最高位阶的法律。
Convention – An unwritten rule that is considered binding in practice, such as the monarch always giving Royal Assent to bills passed by Parliament.
宪法惯例 – 在实践中被视为具有约束力的不成文规则，如君主始终对议会通过的法案给予御准。
Memory tip: ‘Uncodified’ = not in one book. Think of it as a recipe that exists only in your grandmother’s head and scattered notes, not in a printed cookbook.
记忆窍门：不成文宪法就像奶奶的独家菜谱，只在她脑中和零散笔记里，没有装订成书。
3. The Monarchy and Parliament | 君主与议会
Monarch – The king or queen who is the head of state in the UK. Today the monarch’s role is largely ceremonial, acting on the advice of ministers.
君主 – 英国的国王或女王，为国家元首。如今君主的角色主要是礼仪性的，依大臣的建议行事。
Head of state – The individual who represents the nation symbolically and internationally, distinct from the head of government who runs the country. In the UK the monarch is head of state; the Prime Minister is head of government.
国家元首 – 在国际上和象征意义上代表国家的人，与实际治理国家的政府首脑不同。英国的国家元首是君主，政府首脑是首相。
Parliament – The UK’s supreme law-making body, composed of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the monarch. It scrutinises the government and passes legislation.
议会 – 英国最高立法机构，由下议院、上议院和君主组成，负责审查政府并通过法律。
House of Commons – The elected chamber of Parliament, made up of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is the primary legislative chamber.
下议院 – 议会由选举产生的议院，由650名议员组成，是主要的立法机构。
House of Lords – The unelected chamber of Parliament, consisting of life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers. It revises legislation but cannot permanently block bills passed by the Commons.
上议院 – 议会的非选举产生议院，由终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成，负责修订法律但不能永久否决下议院通过的法案。
Memory tip: Picture a crown (monarch), a green bench (Commons), and red benches (Lords) as three puzzle pieces that make up Parliament.
记忆窍门：想象一顶王冠（君主）、一张绿色长椅（下议院）和红色长椅（上议院）拼成议会这幅拼图。
4. The Prime Minister and Cabinet | 首相与内阁
Prime Minister (PM) – The head of the UK government, usually the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons. The PM chairs the Cabinet, sets government priorities, and represents the country politically.
首相 – 英国政府首脑，通常是下议院最大党的领袖。首相主持内阁，确定政府优先事项，并在政治上代表国家。
Cabinet – A group of senior ministers chosen by the PM, each heading a government department (e.g., Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary). The Cabinet makes major policy decisions collectively.
内阁 – 由首相挑选的一群高级大臣，每人领导一个政府部门（如财政大臣、内政大臣）。内阁集体做出重大政策决策。
Government – The group of ministers that runs the country, drawn from the party (or parties) with a majority in the Commons. Not synonymous with Parliament; the government governs, Parliament scrutinises and legislates.
政府 – 治理国家的大臣群体，来自下议院占多数席位的政党（或联盟）。政府不等于议会；政府行政，议会监督和立法。
Opposition – The largest party not in government, whose role is to scrutinise the government and offer an alternative. The leader of the opposition shadows the PM.
反对党 – 不在政府的最大政党，其职责是审查政府并提出替代方案。反对党领袖对首相形成影子监督。
Memory tip: Cabinet = the PM’s team of ‘department captains’, like a football manager picks their starting XI.
记忆窍门：内阁就像首相挑选的“部门队长”，类似足球教练排出的首发阵容。
5. The Judiciary and Rule of Law | 司法与法治
Judiciary – The system of courts and judges that interprets and applies the law. In the UK, the judiciary is independent of both the government and Parliament.
司法机关 – 解释和适用法律的法院与法官体系。在英国，司法独立于政府和议会。
Rule of law – The principle that everyone, including those in power, must obey the law and be held accountable if they do not. It ensures fairness and prevents arbitrary rule.
法治 – 包括当权者在内的所有人都必须遵守法律并在违法时被追究责任的原则。它保障公正，防止任意统治。
Judicial review – The process by which judges can examine the actions of public bodies (including the government) and strike them down if they are unlawful, irrational, or procedurally improper.
司法审查 – 法官可审查公共机构（包括政府）行为的程序，若行为违法、不合理或程序不当，可将其废止。
Supreme Court – The highest court in the UK, established in 2009. It hears appeals on points of law of general public importance and ensures the constitution is respected.
最高法院 – 英国最高级别的法院，设立于2009年。它审理涉及普遍公共重要性的法律问题上诉，确保宪法得到尊重。
Memory tip: Rule of law = no one is ‘above the law’, not even the prime minister. Imagine a giant rule-book that even the referee must follow.
记忆窍门：法治意味着没有人在法律之上，包括首相。想象一本巨型规则手册，连裁判也必须遵守。
6. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
General election – An election in which all seats in the House of Commons are contested. It takes place at least every five years and determines which party forms the government.
大选 – 下议院所有席位进行改选的选举，至少每五年举行一次，决定哪个党组成政府。
First-past-the-post (FPTP) – The voting system used for UK general elections. In each constituency the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they do not have an overall majority (50%+1).
简单多数制 – 英国大选使用的投票制度。每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜，即使未获得绝对多数（50%+1）。
Proportional representation (PR) – A type of voting system that aims to match the share of seats a party wins to the share of votes they receive. It is used in Scottish Parliament and Welsh Senedd elections but not for Westminster.
比例代表制 – 一种力求政党所获席位比例与其得票比例相匹配的投票制度。苏格兰议会和威尔士议会选举采用此制，西敏寺不用。
Referendum – A direct vote by the electorate on a single political question, such as the 2016 vote on EU membership. It is an example of direct democracy.
公投 – 选民就单一政治问题进行直接投票，如2016年的欧盟成员资格公投。这是直接民主的一例。
Memory tip: FPTP is like a race where the first person to cross the line wins, even if others were close behind. PR gives prizes to everyone based on their race time.
记忆窍门：简单多数制像一场赛跑，第一个冲线的人获胜；比例代表制则根据每人用时颁发不同奖品。
7. Political Parties | 政党
Political party – An organised group of people with similar political ideas who aim to get their candidates elected to Parliament in order to influence or form the government.
政党 – 有组织的一群人，持有相近政治理念，旨在让本党候选人当选议员以影响或组成政府。
Manifesto – A document published by a party before an election, setting out its policies and promises. Voters can hold the winning party to account for its manifesto pledges.
竞选纲领 – 政党在选举前发布的文件，阐述其政策与承诺。选民可以根据竞选纲领追究获胜政党的责任。
Left-wing – A political viewpoint favouring greater equality and often supporting government intervention in the economy, higher taxation of the wealthy, and strong public services.
左翼 – 主张更大程度的平等，往往支持政府干预经济、对富人征高税和强大的公共服务。
Right-wing – A political viewpoint emphasising individual freedom, lower taxes, a smaller state, and free-market solutions. It tends to be more conservative on social issues.
右翼 – 强调个人自由、低税收、小政府和自由市场方案的观点，社会议题上往往偏保守。
Memory tip: Think of a spectrum from L to R on a line. Left = more state involvement; Right = more individual freedom. Use ‘left = leveling’, ‘right = rising on your own’.
记忆窍门：想象一条从左到右的光谱。左翼偏向国家介入，右翼偏向个人自由。联想“左倾平等，右重自强”。
8. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Rights – Legal, social, or ethical entitlements that individuals possess. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law.
权利 – 个人所拥有的法律、社会或道德上的应得资格。在英国，1998年《人权法案》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入国内法。
Human rights – Basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person, such as the right to life, freedom of expression, and the right to a fair trial. They are protected by law.
人权 – 每个人都享有的基本权利和自由，如生命权、言论自由和公正审判权，受法律保护。
Responsibilities – Duties that citizens are expected to carry out, such as obeying the law, paying taxes, serving on a jury when called, and respecting the rights of others.
责任 – 公民应该履行的义务，如遵守法律、纳税、应召担任陪审员以及尊重他人的权利。
Civil liberties – Freedoms that protect individuals from excessive government power, e.g., freedom of speech, assembly, and privacy.
公民自由 – 保护个人免受政府过度权力侵害的自由，如言论、集会和隐私自由。
Memory tip: Rights are what you can expect from society; responsibilities are what society expects from you. Think of a two-sided coin.
记忆窍门：权利是你对社会的要求，责任是社会对你的要求，好比一枚硬币的两面。
9. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府
Devolution – The transfer of certain powers from central government in Westminster to regional bodies, such as the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Senedd, and the Northern Ireland Assembly.
权力下放 – 将部分权力从西敏寺中央政府转移给地区机构，如苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和北爱尔兰议会。
Local government – Councils and authorities that deliver local services like education, waste collection, and social care. Councillors are elected by residents.
地方政府 – 提供教育、垃圾收集、社会关怀等地方服务的议会和当局。地方议员由居民选举产生。
Councillor – An elected member of a local council who represents a ward and makes decisions on local issues.
地方议员 – 当选的地方议会成员，代表一个选区并就地方事务做出决策。
Precept – The part of council tax that goes to specific local bodies, such as parish councils or police and crime commissioners.
地方税附加 – 市政税中拨给特定地方机构（如教区议会或警察与犯罪专员）的那一部分。
Memory tip: Devolution = ‘divide and govern closer to home’. The power is not given away permanently; it can be taken back because the UK Parliament remains sovereign.
记忆窍门：权力下放就像“分而治之，就近治理”。权力并非永久送出，因为英国议会仍保有主权，可以收回。
10. The Media and Public Opinion | 媒体与舆论
Media – The channels of communication that reach large audiences, including television, radio, newspapers, and online platforms. The media play a key role in shaping public opinion and holding the government to account.
媒体 – 触及大量受众的传播渠道，包括电视、广播、报纸和网络平台。媒体在塑造舆论和问责政府方面发挥关键作用。
Public opinion – The views held by ordinary people on political issues, often measured by opinion polls. Politicians closely monitor public opinion because it can influence election results.
舆论 – 普通民众对政治问题的看法，常通过民调衡量。政治人物密切关注舆论，因为它能影响选举结果。
Pressure group – An organised group that seeks to influence government policy without standing for election. Examples include Greenpeace (environment) and the British Medical Association (doctors’ interests).
压力团体 – 旨在不通过参选而影响政府政策的有组织团体，如绿色和平组织（环保）和英国医学协会（医生利益）。
Lobbying – The activity of trying to persuade politicians or officials to support a particular policy or cause. It can be done by professional lobbyists, businesses, or charities.
游说 – 试图说服政治人物或官员支持某项政策或事业的活动，可由专业说客、企业或慈善机构进行。
Memory tip: Think of the media as a loudspeaker for many voices; pressure groups try to get their voice through that loudspeaker.
记忆窍门：媒体就像为众声扩音的喇叭；压力团体则设法让自己的声音通过这只喇叭传出去。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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