📚 Year 10 Eduqas Science: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 Eduqas 科学：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook brings together the essential formulas, equations and key theorems from the Eduqas Year 10 science curriculum. Covering physics, chemistry and biology, it is designed to help you revise efficiently and apply your knowledge confidently in assessments. Each entry pairs a concise English explanation with its Chinese equivalent, enabling bilingual learners to reinforce understanding.
本速查手册汇集了 Eduqas Year 10 科学课程中的核心公式、方程和关键定理，涵盖物理、化学和生物学。它旨在帮助你高效复习，并在测评中自信地应用所学知识。每个条目都配对了简明的英文解释和对应的中文说明，以便双语学习者巩固理解。
1. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration | 速度、速率与加速度
Speed is a scalar quantity describing how fast an object moves, while velocity includes direction. The basic speed equation is v = s ÷ t, where v is speed, s is distance travelled and t is time taken.
速率是标量，描述物体运动的快慢；而速度包含方向。基本的速率方程为 v = s ÷ t，其中 v 表示速率，s 表示移动距离，t 表示所用时间。
Acceleration measures the rate of change of velocity. The formula is a = (v – u) ÷ t, where a is acceleration, v is final velocity, u is initial velocity and t is time. On a velocity–time graph, the gradient gives acceleration.
加速度衡量速度变化的快慢。公式为 a = (v – u) ÷ t，其中 a 为加速度，v 为末速度，u 为初速度，t 为时间。在速度–时间图上，斜率即为加速度。
v = s ÷ t
a = (v – u) ÷ t
Remember to use consistent units: metres (m) for distance, seconds (s) for time, metres per second (m/s) for speed and velocity, and metres per second squared (m/s²) for acceleration.
请使用一致的单位：距离用米（m），时间用秒（s），速度用 m/s，加速度用 m/s²。
2. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Newton’s Second Law links resultant force, mass and acceleration: F = m × a, where F is resultant force in newtons (N), m is mass in kilograms (kg) and a is acceleration in m/s².
牛顿第二定律将合力、质量和加速度联系起来：F = m × a，其中 F 为合力（单位牛顿 N），m 为质量（单位千克 kg），a 为加速度（m/s²）。
The weight of an object is the force of gravity on its mass: W = m × g. On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 m/s², but often 10 m/s² is used in calculations.
物体的重量是作用于其质量的重力：W = m × g。在地球上，g 约等于 9.8 m/s²，但计算中常用 10 m/s²。
Moment of a force describes the turning effect about a pivot: M = F × d, where d is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot. Principle of moments: for a balanced object, total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment.
力矩描述力对支点的转动效应：M = F × d，其中 d 是力的作用线到支点的垂直距离。力矩原理：物体平衡时，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。
F = m × a
W = m × g
M = F × d
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Work is done when a force moves an object. The formula is W = F × d, where work (W) is in joules (J), force (F) in newtons (N) and distance (d) moved in the direction of the force in metres (m).
当力使物体移动时，就做了功。公式为 W = F × d，其中功 W 的单位是焦耳（J），力 F 的单位是牛顿（N），沿力的方向移动的距离 d 的单位是米（m）。
Gravitational potential energy (Ep) gained by an object raised to a height h is: Ep = m × g × h. Kinetic energy (Ek) of a moving object is: Ek = ½ × m × v².
物体被提升到高度 h 后所增加的重力势能 Ep 为：Ep = m × g × h。运动物体的动能 Ek 为：Ek = ½ × m × v²。
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: P = W ÷ t or P = E ÷ t, where P is power in watts (W), E is energy transferred (J) and t is time (s).
功率是做功或能量转移的速率：P = W ÷ t 或 P = E ÷ t，其中功率 P 的单位是瓦特（W），能量 E 或功 W 的单位是焦耳（J），时间 t 的单位是秒（s）。
W = F × d
Ep = m × g × h
Ek = ½ × m × v²
P = E ÷ t
4. Electricity – Ohm’s Law and Power | 电学——欧姆定律与电功率
Ohm’s Law relates potential difference, current and resistance: V = I × R, where V is voltage in volts (V), I is current in amperes (A) and R is resistance in ohms (Ω). This holds true for ohmic conductors at constant temperature.
欧姆定律描述了电位差、电流和电阻的关系：V = I × R，其中 V 是电压（伏特 V），I 是电流（安培 A），R 是电阻（欧姆 Ω）。该定律对温度恒定的欧姆导体成立。
Electrical power can be calculated using P = I × V or P = I² × R. Energy transferred in a circuit component is E = P × t = I × V × t.
电功率可用 P = I × V 或 P = I² × R 计算。电路中元件传递的能量为 E = P × t = I × V × t。
Charge flowing is related to current and time: Q = I × t, where Q is charge in coulombs (C).
流过的电荷量与电流和时间相关：Q = I × t，其中电荷 Q 的单位为库仑（C）。
V = I × R
P = I × V
P = I² × R
E = I × V × t
Q = I × t
5. Waves – Wave Speed Equation | 波——波速方程
All waves obey the wave speed equation: v = f × λ, where v is wave speed in metres per second (m/s), f is frequency in hertz (Hz) and λ (lambda) is wavelength in metres (m).
所有波都遵循波速方程：v = f × λ，其中 v 是波速（m/s），f 是频率（Hz），λ（拉姆达）是波长（m）。
The period T of a wave is the time for one complete oscillation: T = 1 ÷ f, with units of seconds (s). On an oscilloscope trace, the period can be read from the time base setting.
波的周期 T 是完成一次完整振动所需的时间：T = 1 ÷ f，单位为秒（s）。在示波器轨迹上，周期可从时基设定中读出。
For electromagnetic waves, the speed v is the speed of light in a vacuum, c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s. The equation becomes c = f × λ.
对于电磁波，波速 v 是真空中光速 c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。此时方程变为 c = f × λ。
v = f × λ
T = 1 ÷ f
6. Density and Pressure | 密度与压强
Density is mass per unit volume: ρ = m ÷ V, where ρ is density in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m³), m is mass (kg) and V is volume (m³). The density of water is 1000 kg/m³.
密度是单位体积的质量：ρ = m ÷ V，其中 ρ 是密度（kg/m³），m 是质量（kg），V 是体积（m³）。水的密度是 1000 kg/m³。
Pressure exerted on a surface is force per unit area: p = F ÷ A, where p is pressure in pascals (Pa), F is force (N) and A is area (m²). 1 Pa = 1 N/m².
施加在表面上的压强是单位面积上的力：p = F ÷ A，其中 p 是压强（帕斯卡 Pa），F 是力（N），A 是面积（m²）。1 Pa = 1 N/m²。
Pressure in a liquid column increases with depth and density: p = h × ρ × g, where h is depth (m), ρ is density of the liquid (kg/m³) and g is gravitational field strength.
液柱中的压强随深度和密度的增加而增大：p = h × ρ × g，其中 h 是深度（m），ρ 是液体密度（kg/m³），g 是重力场强度。
ρ = m ÷ V
p = F ÷ A
p = h × ρ × g
7. Chemical Quantities – Moles and Concentration | 化学计量——摩尔与浓度
The mole is the unit for amount of substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant). The number of moles n can be found from mass: n = m ÷ Mᵣ, where m is mass in grams, Mᵣ is relative formula mass (or relative atomic mass Aᵣ for elements).
摩尔是物质的量的单位。1 摩尔含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。从质量求摩尔数：n = m ÷ Mᵣ，其中 m 是质量（克），Mᵣ 是相对式量（对元素而言为相对原子质量 Aᵣ）。
Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume: c = n ÷ V, where c is concentration in mol/dm³, n is number of moles and V is volume in dm³. Alternatively, c in g/dm³ can be calculated as mass ÷ volume.
溶液的浓度是溶解在一定体积中的溶质的量：c = n ÷ V，其中 c 是浓度（mol/dm³），n 是摩尔数，V 是体积（dm³）。或者也可以用 g/dm³ 表示，c = 质量 ÷ 体积。
Balanced chemical equations give mole ratios of reactants and products. To calculate masses of reactants or products, use the flow: mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass.
配平的化学方程式给出了反应物和生成物的摩尔比。要计算反应物或生成物的质量，可遵循流程：质量 → 摩尔数 → 摩尔比 → 摩尔数 → 质量。
n = m ÷ Mᵣ
c = n ÷ V
8. Rates of Reaction | 反应速率
The rate of a chemical reaction can be measured by the change in quantity of reactant or product over time. Mean rate = quantity of reactant used or product formed ÷ time taken, often expressed in g/s or cm³/s.
化学反应的速率可以通过反应物或生成物的量随时间的变化来度量。平均速率 = 消耗的反应物的量或生成的产物的量 ÷ 所用时间，通常以 g/s 或 cm³/s 表示。
For a reaction producing a gas, the rate can be monitored by measuring volume of gas collected in a syringe or over water, or by measuring mass loss using a balance. The gradient of a graph of volume or mass against time indicates the rate.
对于产生气体的反应，可通过测量用注射器或排水法收集的气体体积，或通过天平测量质量损失来监测速率。体积或质量对时间作图，其斜率表示反应速率。
Collision theory states that particles must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) and correct orientation for a reaction to occur. Factors affecting rate include temperature, concentration, surface area of solid reactants and presence of a catalyst.
碰撞理论指出，粒子必须以足够的能量（活化能）和正确的取向发生碰撞，反应才会发生。影响速率的因素包括温度、浓度、固体反应物的表面积以及催化剂的存在。
Remember that increasing temperature increases both the frequency of collisions and the proportion of particles with energy greater than the activation energy.
请记住，升高温度既增加了碰撞频率，也增大了能量大于活化能的粒子比例。
9. Biology – Microscopy and Magnification | 生物——显微镜与放大倍数
When using a light microscope, the total magnification is the product of the eyepiece lens magnification and the objective lens magnification. The magnification formula is: M = I ÷ A, where M is magnification, I is image size and A is actual size of the specimen. Units for I and A must be the same.
使用光学显微镜时，总放大倍数是目镜放大倍数与物镜放大倍数的乘积。放大倍数公式为：M = I ÷ A，其中 M 是放大倍数，I 是图像尺寸，A 是标本的实际尺寸。I 和 A 必须使用相同单位。
To convert between units, remember: 1 mm = 1000 µm (micrometres) and 1 µm = 1000 nm (nanometres). Many cell structures are measured in micrometres.
进行单位换算时请记住：1 mm = 1000 µm（微米），1 µm = 1000 nm（纳米）。许多细胞结构以微米为单位测量。
An eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer are used to calibrate the microscope and make accurate measurements of specimens.
目镜测微尺和镜台测微尺用于校准显微镜，并对标本进行精确测量。
Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size
M = I ÷ A
10. Genetic Crosses and Probability | 遗传杂交与概率
Monohybrid crosses allow prediction of offspring genotypes and phenotypes using Punnett squares. Each parent contributes one allele for each gene. The probability of an offspring inheriting a particular genotype can be given as a ratio, fraction or percentage.
单基因杂交可通过庞纳特方格预测子代的基因型和表现型。每个亲本为每个基因提供一个等位基因。子代遗传特定基因型的概率可以用比例、分数或百分比表示。
Key terms: homozygous dominant (e.g. AA), heterozygous (Aa) and homozygous recessive (aa). A dominant allele masks the effect of a recessive allele in a heterozygote.
关键术语：纯合显性（如 AA）、杂合（Aa）和纯合隐性（aa）。显性等位基因在杂合子中会掩盖隐性等位基因的效应。
If two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) are crossed, the expected phenotype ratio in the offspring is 3 dominant : 1 recessive. The ratio is based on probability; actual results may show variation in small sample sizes.
如果两个杂合亲本（Aa × Aa）杂交，子代表现型的预期比例为 3 显性 : 1 隐性。该比例基于概率；实际结果在小样本中可能有偏差。
In sex determination, human females have XX sex chromosomes and males have XY. Crossing XX with XY gives a theoretical 1:1 ratio of female to male offspring.
在性别决定中，人类女性性染色体为 XX，男性为 XY。XX 与 XY 杂交，理论上子代男女比例为 1:1。
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