Year 10 SQA Business: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | SQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 SQA Business: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | SQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key business vocabulary is the foundation for success in SQA Business. This guide delivers precise definitions along with memory-friendly explanations, covering the most important terms you will encounter in Year 10. Read each pair of English and Chinese explanations carefully to build your command of essential business concepts.

掌握关键的商务词汇是SQA商务成功的基石。本指南提供准确的定义和便于记忆的解释，涵盖十年级会遇到的最重要的术语。请仔细阅读每一对中英文解释，逐步建立起你对核心商务概念的掌握。

1. Types of Business Ownership | 企业所有权类型

Understanding the legal structure of a business is crucial because it determines owner liability, decision-making power and access to finance. Each type carries distinct advantages and risks.

理解企业的法律结构至关重要，因为它决定了所有者的责任、决策权和融资渠道。每种类型都有独特的优势和风险。

Sole Trader – a business owned and operated by one person. The owner receives all profits but has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets can be used to pay business debts.

个体经营者 – 由一个人拥有和经营的企业。所有者获得全部利润，但承担无限责任，意味着个人资产可用于偿还企业债务。

Partnership – a business owned by 2 to 20 people who share profits and responsibilities. A deed of partnership is drawn up to outline the terms. Partners usually face unlimited liability, though some can be sleeping partners with limited involvement.

合伙企业 – 由2至20人共同拥有、分享利润和分担责任的企业。会拟定一份合伙契约来载明条款。合伙人通常承担无限责任，但有些可以是参与有限制的隐名合伙人。

Private Limited Company (Ltd) – a business owned by shareholders who enjoy limited liability. Shares cannot be sold to the general public, and the company’s finances remain relatively private.

私人有限公司 (Ltd) – 由享有有限责任的股东拥有的企业。股份不能向公众出售，公司财务相对保密。

Public Limited Company (plc) – a company that can sell shares on the stock exchange to raise large amounts of capital. Shareholders have limited liability, but the business must publish detailed annual accounts.

公众有限公司 (plc) – 可以在证券交易所出售股票以筹集大量资金的公司。股东承担有限责任，但企业必须发布详细的年度账目。

Franchise – a business model where a franchisee pays an initial fee and ongoing royalties to use the brand, products and support systems of a franchisor. The franchisee follows strict operating guidelines.

特许经营 – 一种商业模式，特许经营商支付初始费用和持续的特许权使用费，以使用加盟商的品牌、产品和支持系统。特许经营商遵循严格的操作指南。

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2. Stakeholders and Their Interests | 利益相关者及其利益

A stakeholder is any person or group with an interest in the activities and performance of a business. Managing stakeholder interests effectively helps a business avoid conflict and build long-term success.

利益相关者是对企业的活动和业绩有兴趣的任何个人或团体。有效管理利益相关者的利益有助于企业避免冲突并建立长期成功。

Stakeholder – any individual or group that is affected by, or can affect, a business’s decisions and operations.

利益相关者 – 受企业决策和运营影响，或能够影响企业决策和运营的任何个人或团体。

Shareholder – an owner of shares in a company; a specific type of stakeholder whose main interest is financial return.

股东 – 公司股份的所有者；一种特定的利益相关者，主要关心财务回报。

Internal Stakeholder – people who work within or own the business, such as employees, managers and shareholders.

内部利益相关者 – 在企业内部工作或拥有企业的人，例如员工、经理和股东。

External Stakeholder – individuals or organisations outside the business who are affected by its actions, including customers, suppliers, the local community and the government.

外部利益相关者 – 企业外部的个人或组织，受企业行为影响，包括顾客、供应商、当地社区和政府。

Stakeholder Conflict – a situation where the interests of different stakeholder groups clash, such as shareholders wanting higher dividends while employees want higher wages.

利益相关者冲突 – 不同利益相关者群体的利益发生冲突的情况，例如股东希望更高股息而员工希望更高工资。

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3. Marketing Essentials | 市场营销基础

Marketing is about identifying customer needs and satisfying them profitably. The marketing mix and market research are the tools businesses use to design and deliver value.

市场营销是关于识别客户需求并有利可图地满足这些需求。营销组合和市场研究是企业用来设计和传递价值的工具。

Marketing Mix – the combination of Product, Price, Place and Promotion (the 4Ps) that a business uses to meet its target market’s needs.

营销组合 – 企业用来满足目标市场需求的产品、价格、地点和促销（4P）的组合。

Product – the goods or services offered to customers, including design, features, quality and branding.

产品 – 向客户提供的商品或服务，包括设计、功能、质量和品牌。

Price – the amount customers pay; pricing strategies (such as penetration, skimming or competitive pricing) influence demand and profit margins.

价格 – 客户支付的金额；定价策略（如渗透定价、撇脂定价或竞争性定价）影响需求和利润率。

Place – the distribution channels used to get the product to the consumer, including retail outlets, e-commerce and logistics.

地点 – 将产品送达消费者的分销渠道，包括零售店、电子商务和物流。

Promotion – activities that communicate the product’s benefits and persuade customers to buy, such as advertising, sales promotions and public relations.

促销 – 传达产品优点并说服顾客购买的活动，例如广告、销售推广和公关。

Market Research – the process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information about a market. Primary research collects new data (e.g. surveys); secondary research uses existing sources (e.g. government reports).

市场研究 – 收集、分析和解读市场信息的过程。一手研究收集新数据（如问卷调查）；二手研究使用现有资料（如政府报告）。

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4. Operations and Quality Management | 运营与质量管理

Operations management focuses on efficiently converting inputs into outputs. Quality management ensures goods and services consistently meet customer expectations.

运营管理关注高效地将投入转化为产出。质量管理确保商品和服务始终满足客户期望。

Job Production – producing items one at a time to meet specific customer requirements; high quality but often more expensive and time-consuming.

单件生产 – 逐件生产以满足特定客户要求；质量高，但通常更昂贵、更耗时。

Batch Production – manufacturing a group of identical products together; offers some economies of scale while allowing variety.

批量生产 – 将一组相同产品一起制造；在允许品种变化的同时带来一定的规模经济。

Flow Production – continuous production of large volumes of standardised products on an assembly line; very efficient but requires high initial investment.

流水生产 – 在装配线上连续大批量生产标准化产品；效率很高，但需要高昂的初始投资。

Quality Control – inspecting finished products to remove defects before they reach customers.

质量控制 – 检查成品，在到达客户手中之前去除缺陷。

Quality Assurance – building quality into every stage of the production process to prevent mistakes from occurring.

质量保证 – 在生产过程的每个阶段都融入质量，以预防错误发生。

Lean Production – techniques that reduce waste and improve efficiency, such as Just-in-Time (JIT) where materials arrive exactly when needed.

精益生产 – 减少浪费、提高效率的技术，例如准时制 (JIT)，即材料在需要时刚好到达。

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5. Financial Fundamentals and Ratios | 财务基础与比率

Finance keeps a business running. Understanding revenue, costs, profit and key ratios helps owners and investors make informed decisions.

财务让企业持续运转。理解收入、成本、利润和关键比率有助于所有者和投资者做出明智的决策。

Revenue – income generated from selling goods or services; calculated as quantity sold × selling price.

收入 – 销售商品或服务产生的收入；计算方式为销售数量 × 销售价格。

Fixed Costs – expenses that do not change with output, such as rent and salaries.

固定成本 – 不随产量变化而变化的费用，如租金和工资。

Variable Costs – expenses that vary directly with the level of production, such as raw materials.

可变成本 – 直接随生产水平变化的费用，如原材料。

Break-even Point – the output level where total revenue equals total costs, so the business makes neither a profit nor a loss.

Break-even (units) = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price per unit − Variable Cost per unit)

盈亏平衡点 – 总收入等于总成本的产量水平，企业既不盈利也不亏损。

盈亏平衡点（单位）= 固定成本 ÷（单位售价 − 单位可变成本）

Gross Profit – revenue minus cost of sales (direct costs). Gross profit margin = (Gross profit ÷ Revenue) × 100.

毛利润 – 收入减去销售成本（直接成本）。毛利率 =（毛利润 ÷ 收入）× 100。

Net Profit – the profit after all expenses, including overheads and tax. Net profit margin = (Net profit ÷ Revenue) × 100.

净利润 – 扣除所有费用（包括管理费用和税）后的利润。净利润率 =（净利润 ÷ 收入）× 100。

Cash Flow – the movement of money into and out of a business. Positive cash flow means more money comes in than goes out, which is vital for survival.

现金流 – 资金流入和流出企业的流动。正现金流意味着流入多于流出，这对生存至关重要。

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6. Human Resource Management | 人力资源管理

People are a business’s most valuable resource. Effective recruitment, training and motivation help attract and retain talented employees.

人是企业最宝贵的资源。有效的招聘、培训和激励有助于吸引并留住有才能的员工。

Recruitment – the process of identifying a vacancy and attracting suitable candidates. It involves writing a job description and a person specification.

招聘 – 确定职位空缺并吸引合适候选人的过程。包括编写职位描述和人员规格说明。

Job Description – a document outlining the duties, responsibilities and title of a role.

职位描述 – 概述职位职责、责任和职称的文件。

Person Specification – a profile of the ideal candidate, listing qualifications, skills, experience and personal attributes.

人员规格说明 – 理想候选人的概况，列出资格、技能、经验和个人特质。

Induction – an introduction programme for new employees that covers company policies, health and safety, and job-specific training.

入职培训 – 为新员工设计的介绍计划，涵盖公司政策、健康与安全以及岗位专项培训。

On-the-job Training – learning new skills while performing the job, often guided by an experienced colleague.

在岗培训 – 在工作过程中学习新技能，通常由经验丰富的同事指导。

Motivation – the drive to achieve goals. Monetary motivation includes pay rises and bonuses; non-monetary motivation includes praise, flexible working and career progression.

激励 – 实现目标的动力。金钱激励包括加薪和奖金；非金钱激励包括表扬、弹性工作和职业发展。

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7. External Factors Affecting Business | 影响企业的外部因素

Businesses operate in a constantly changing external environment. The PESTEC framework helps analyse political, economic, social, technological, environmental and competitive factors that can create opportunities or threats.

企业在不断变化的外部环境中运营。PESTEC框架有助于分析可能带来机遇或威胁的政治、经济、社会、技术、环境和竞争因素。

PESTEC – an analytical tool covering Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Competitive influences on business.

PESTEC – 一种涵盖政治、经济、社会、技术、环境和竞争对企业影响的分析工具。

Interest Rate – the cost of borrowing money or the reward for saving. Higher interest rates can reduce consumer spending and raise business loan costs.

利率 – 借款的成本或储蓄的回报。较高的利率会减少消费者支出并提高企业贷款成本。

Exchange Rate – the value of one currency compared to another. A strong pound makes exports more expensive but imports cheaper; a weak pound has the opposite effect.

汇率 – 一种货币相对于另一种货币的价值。英镑坚挺使出口更贵但进口更便宜；英镑疲软则相反。

Inflation – a sustained rise in the general price level, eroding purchasing power and potentially increasing wage demands.

通货膨胀 – 总体价格水平持续上升，侵蚀购买力并可能增加工资要求。

Legislation – laws that businesses must follow, such as the minimum wage, health and safety regulations and employment protection.

立法 – 企业必须遵守的法律，例如最低工资法、健康与安全法规以及就业保护。

Technology – developments such as e-commerce, automation and artificial intelligence that change how businesses produce and sell.

技术 – 电子商务、自动化和人工智能等发展，改变企业的生产和销售方式。

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8. Business Planning and Growth | 商业规划与增长

Setting clear aims and objectives guides business strategy. Growth can be achieved organically or externally, and it brings both advantages and risks.

设定清晰的目标和目的为商业战略提供指引。增长可以通过有机方式或外部方式实现，同时也带来优势和风险。

Business Plan – a document setting out a business’s aims, market analysis, financial forecasts and operational details. It is used to secure finance and guide management.

商业计划书 – 一份列明企业目标、市场分析、财务预测和运营细节的文件，用于融资和指导管理。

SMART Objectives – objectives that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound.

SMART目标 – 具体、可衡量、可实现、相关且有时间限制的目标。

Organic Growth – expansion through increased output, new branches or entering new markets using the business’s own resources.

有机增长 – 利用企业自有资源，通过增加产量、开设新分支机构或进入新市场实现扩张。

External Growth – expansion through merger or takeover of another business. A merger is a mutual agreement; a takeover is buying a controlling interest.

外部增长 – 通过合并或收购另一家企业实现扩张。合并是双方的协议；收购是购买控制性股权。

Economies of Scale – cost advantages gained by increased output, such as bulk-buying discounts and specialised machinery.

规模经济 – 因产量增加而获得的成本优势，例如批量采购折扣和专用机械。

Diseconomies of Scale – rising average costs that can occur when a firm becomes too large, e.g. communication problems and poor morale.

规模不经济 – 当企业规模过大时可能出现的平均成本上升，例如沟通问题和士气低落。

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9. Global Business and Trade | 全球商业与贸易

Businesses increasingly operate across national borders. Globalisation opens up new markets but also creates intense competition and challenges related to trade barriers.

企业越来越多地跨越国界经营。全球化打开了新市场，但也带来了激烈的竞争和与贸易壁垒相关的挑战。

Globalisation – the growing integration of the world’s economies, allowing the

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