📚 Year 10 WJEC Politics: Key Terms Memory Guide | WJEC十年级政治：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the essential terminology is the first step to success in your WJEC Year 10 Politics course. This guide provides clear definitions and context for the key terms you need to memorize, with each entry explained in English and Chinese to reinforce your understanding and recall.
掌握核心术语是WJEC十年级政治课程成功的第一步。本指南为你需要记忆的关键术语提供了清晰的定义和背景，每条术语均用中英双语解释，以加深你的理解和记忆。
1. Democracy and Political Participation | 民主与政治参与
Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives. Key features include free and fair elections, the protection of individual rights, and the rule of law.
民主是一种政府体制，权力属于人民，人民可以直接或通过自由选举的代表进行统治。其主要特征包括自由公正的选举、个人权利的保护以及法治。
In a direct democracy, citizens vote on policies directly without intermediaries. In a representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK is a representative democracy with some elements of direct democracy, such as referendums.
在直接民主制中，公民无需中介直接对政策进行投票。在代议制民主中，公民选举代表代替他们作出决策。英国是代议制民主，但包含一些直接民主元素，如全民公投。
Political participation refers to the ways in which individuals can influence government decisions and policy-making. Forms include voting, joining a political party, campaigning, protesting, and writing to an MP.
政治参与是指个人影响政府决策和政策制定的方式。形式包括投票、加入政党、参加竞选活动、抗议以及给议员写信。
A government gains legitimacy when it has a legal and moral right to rule, usually through winning a general election. The mandate is the authority granted by the electorate to implement the policies stated in the party manifesto.
当政府通过赢得大选等方式获得合法且道义上的统治权利时，便具有了合法性。授权是指选民赋予政府实施其政党宣言中政策的权力。
2. The Constitution | 宪法
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. It outlines the structure of government, the distribution of powers, and the rights of citizens.
宪法是一套治理国家所依据的基本原则或既定先例。它规定了政府结构、权力分配和公民权利。
A codified constitution is written in a single document and is entrenched (like the US Constitution). An uncodified constitution is not contained in one single document and is not entrenched; it comes from statutes, conventions, and common law. The UK has an uncodified constitution.
成文宪法写在一份单一文件中，且是刚性固化的（如美国宪法）。不成文宪法不包含在一份单文件中，也不是固化的；它源自成文法、惯例和普通法。英国拥有一条不成文宪法。
Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament is the supreme legal authority and can create or end any law. The rule of law states that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. The separation of powers divides government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent abuse of power.
议会主权意味着议会是最高法律权威，可以制定或废除任何法律。法治原则规定人人（包括政府）都受法律约束。权力分立将政府分为立法、行政和司法三个分支，以防止权力滥用。
3. The Monarchy and Parliament | 君主与议会
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch (king or queen) is the head of state, but their powers are largely ceremonial and symbolic. They exercise ‘the royal prerogative’ only on the advice of ministers, and are expected to remain politically neutral.
英国是君主立宪制国家。君主（国王或女王）是国家元首，但其权力主要是礼仪性和象征性的。他们只在部长建议下行使’皇家特权’，并被期望保持政治中立。
Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the UK, consisting of three parts: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the monarch. Its main functions are to make laws, scrutinize the government, and debate important issues.
议会是英国的最高立法机构，由三部分组成：下议院、上议院和君主。其主要职能是制定法律、监督政府和辩论重要议题。
The House of Commons is made up of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected by the public in general elections. The House of Lords is an unelected chamber, composed of life peers, hereditary peers, and bishops. The Commons holds the most political power.
下议院由650名通过大选由公众选举的国会议员（MP）组成。上议院是一个非选举产生的议院，由终身贵族、世袭贵族和主教组成。下议院拥有最大的政治权力。
4. Government and the Prime Minister | 政府与首相
The government is the executive branch that runs the country and implements laws. It is formed by the political party (or coalition) that commands a majority in the House of Commons. Its main role is to govern, propose legislation, and manage public services.
政府是治理国家、执行法律的行政部门。它由在下议院掌握多数席位的政党（或联盟）组成。其主要职责是治理、提出立法和管理公共服务。
The Prime Minister (PM) is the head of government, usually the leader of the majority party. They are appointed by the monarch. Key powers include setting the government’s policy direction, appointing cabinet ministers, and representing the UK internationally.
首相是政府首脑，通常是多数党的领袖。他们由君主任命。关键权力包括确定政府政策方向、任命内阁大臣以及在国际上代表英国。
Collective ministerial responsibility requires that all ministers publicly support government policy, even if they privately disagree. Individual ministerial responsibility means ministers are accountable to Parliament for their personal conduct and the performance of their department.
集体内阁责任制要求所有大臣公开支持政府政策，即使私下持异议。个人大臣责任制意味着大臣需就个人行为及其部门表现向议会负责。
5. The Cabinet and Ministers | 内阁与大臣
The Cabinet is a group of senior ministers, each typically in charge of a government department (such as Health, Defence, or Education). It is the key decision-making body within the executive, chaired by the Prime Minister.
内阁是一群高级大臣，每人通常负责一个政府部门（如卫生、国防或教育）。内阁是行政部门内的关键决策机构，由首相主持。
The Civil Service is a politically neutral body of officials who serve the government of the day. Civil servants provide policy advice, implement government decisions, and deliver public services. They are permanent employees, not appointed by the PM.
公务员系统是一个政治中立的官员体系，为当时的政府服务。公务员提供政策建议、执行政府决定并提供公共服务。他们是永久雇员，非由首相任命。
The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the minister in charge of the Treasury, responsible for the economy, public spending, and taxation. The Budget is an annual statement of the government’s financial plans.
财政大臣是负责财政部的部长，负责经济、公共支出和税收。预算案是政府年度财政计划的声明。
6. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府
Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from the UK Parliament in Westminster to regional bodies, such as the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Senedd, and Northern Ireland Assembly. These bodies have authority over areas like education, health, and transport.
权力下放是指将英国威斯敏斯特议会的某些权力移交给地区机构，如苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和北爱尔兰议会。这些机构在教育、卫生和交通等领域拥有权力。
Local authorities (councils) are responsible for providing local services such as social care, waste collection, planning, and libraries. They are funded by council tax, business rates, and central government grants. Local councillors are elected by residents.
地方当局（议会）负责提供当地服务，如社会关怀、垃圾收集、规划和图书馆。它们的资金来源是市政税、商业税和中央政府拨款。地方议员由居民选举产生。
7. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
A general election is when all seats in the House of Commons are contested, usually held every five years under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act (repealed, but a maximum of five years exists). A by-election occurs when a single seat becomes vacant between general elections due to death or resignation of an MP.
大选是下议院所有席位都进行竞选的选举，通常每五年举行一次（《固定任期议会法》已废除，但最长任期五年）。补选是指在两次大选之间，因议员去世或辞职而导致单席空缺时所举行的选举。
FPTP is the voting system used for UK general elections. The country is divided into constituencies. Each voter has one vote, and the candidate with the most votes wins the seat. This system tends to produce strong, single-party governments but can result in disproportionate outcomes.
简单多数制是英国大选使用的投票制度。全国划分为选区。每位选民投一票，得票最多的候选人赢得席位。该制度倾向于产生强大的单一政党政府，但可能导致结果失衡。
Proportional representation (PR) systems aim to allocate seats in proportion to votes cast. Examples include the Single Transferable Vote (STV) used in Northern Ireland Assembly elections, and the Additional Member System (AMS) used for the Welsh Senedd and Scottish Parliament.
比例代表制旨在按得票比例分配席位。例子包括北爱尔兰议会选举采用的可转移单票制（STV），以及威尔士议会和苏格兰议会采用的额外议员制度（AMS）。
8. Political Parties | 政党
A political party is an organised group of people with similar political views and goals, seeking to gain power by winning elections. Parties develop manifestos – a document outlining their policies should they form a government.
政党是一群具有相似政治观点和目标的有组织团体，力求通过赢得选举来获取权力。各政党制定宣言——一份列出他们若组建政府将实施政策的文件。
The Conservative Party (centre-right) traditionally supports lower taxes, free market policies, and strong national defence. The Labour Party (centre-left) advocates for social justice, public ownership, and workers’ rights. The Liberal Democrats (centrist) promote civil liberties and electoral reform.
保守党（中右翼）传统上支持减税、自由市场政策和强大的国防。工党（中左翼）倡导社会公正、公有制和工人权利。自由民主党（中间派）推动公民自由和选举改革。
The largest party not in government forms the Official Opposition. Its role is to scrutinize the government, provide alternative policies, and hold the government accountable. The Leader of the Opposition is a recognised post.
最大在野党组成官方反对党。其作用是监督政府、提供替代政策并对政府问责。反对党领袖是公认的职位。
9. Pressure Groups and Lobbying | 压力集团与游说
A pressure group is an organised group that tries to influence government policy without seeking to form a government itself. They can be sectional (defending the interests of a specific group, like a trade union) or promotional (campaigning for a particular cause, like environmental protection).
压力集团是一个有组织的团体，试图影响政府政策而不寻求组建政府。它们可以是保护型（捍卫特定群体利益，如工会）或倡导型（为特定事业开展运动，如环境保护）。
Pressure groups use methods such as lobbying MPs, organising petitions, staging demonstrations, and using media campaigns. Their success depends on factors like membership size, financial resources, public support, and insider access to government.
压力集团采用的方法包括游说议员、组织请愿、举行示威以及利用媒体宣传。其成功取决于成员规模、财力、公众支持以及与政府的内部接触渠道等因素。
Lobbying is the act of trying to influence legislators or officials directly on a particular issue. Professional lobbyists are often employed by businesses or pressure groups to put their case to policymakers.
游说是指就特定议题直接试图影响立法者或官员的行为。专业游说者常受雇于企业或压力集团，向决策者阐述其主张。
10. Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship | 权利、责任与公民身份
Citizens enjoy fundamental rights protected by law, such as the right to a fair trial, freedom of expression, and the right to vote. The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law, making these rights enforceable in UK courts.
公民享有受法律保护的基本权利，如接受公正审判的权利、言论自由和投票权。1998年《人权法案》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入英国法律，使这些权利可在英国法院强制执行。
With rights come responsibilities. These include obeying the law, paying taxes, serving on a jury if called, and respecting the rights of others. Active citizenship involves engaging in community life and participating in democratic processes.
权利伴随着责任。这包括守法、纳税、应召担任陪审员以及尊重他人的权利。积极公民义务包括参与社区生活和民主进程。
Citizenship refers to the legal status of being a member of a particular country, entitling a person to rights and protections. In the UK, British citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration, or naturalisation. Understanding shared values, such as democracy and tolerance, is part of civic identity.
公民身份是指身为某一国家成员的法定地位，赋予个人权利和保护。在英国，英国公民身份可通过出生、血统、登记或归化获得。理解民主和宽容等共同价值是公民认同的一部分。
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