Year 11 AQA Chinese: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 AQA Chinese: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

In GCSE Chinese, mastering grammatical patterns is like being handed a set of mathematical formulas. Once you internalise the structure – the “formula” – you can generate a countless range of accurate sentences. This quick reference handbook brings together the essential sentence patterns, question forms, comparative structures, complements and connectives that are tested at Year 11 AQA level. Each formula is presented with clear bilingual explanations and natural examples so you can revise efficiently and confidently.

在 GCSE 中文学习中，掌握语法结构就像得到一套数学公式。一旦熟记这些“公式”，你就能造出无数正确的句子。这本速查手册汇集了 Year 11 AQA 中文考试中必备的句型、疑问式、比较结构、补语和关联词。每一个公式都配有清晰的双语解释和地道例句，帮助你高效复习、自信应考。

1. Basic Word Order (SVO) | 基本语序 (SVO)

The bedrock formula of Chinese is Subject + Verb + Object, just as in English. However, adverbial phrases of time and place almost always appear before the verb, not at the end of the sentence. The more precise formula is: S + Time + Place + V + O. Time phrases precede place phrases. If there is a prepositional phrase, it usually also comes before the verb.

中文最根本的“公式”是主语 + 动词 + 宾语 (SVO)，与英语相同。但与英语的最大区别在于状语的位置：时间、地点的修饰语几乎总是放在动词之前，而不是句末。更准确的公式是：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。时间词放在地点词前面；如果有介宾短语，通常也要前置。

2. Questions with 吗 / 呢 / 吧 | 用“吗/呢/吧”提问

Chinese does not require inversion for questions; it relies on question particles. Adding 吗 to the end of any declarative sentence turns it into a yes/no question. 呢 is used to form elliptical questions (usually meaning “what about…?”) or to soften an inquiry. 吧 attaches to a statement to make a suggestion or to invite agreement – like a soft “let’s” or “right?”.

中文疑问句不需要倒装，完全依赖语气词。在陈述句末尾加上吗就变成是非问句；呢用来构成省略问句（常表示“…呢？”），或者让提问语气更舒缓；吧加在句末，表达提议或请求同意，类似“let’s”或者口语里的“吧”。

For wh-questions, the question word simply replaces the unknown element without changing word order. Formula: QW + S + V + O. Common question words: 什么 (what), 谁 (who), 哪 (which), 哪儿/哪里 (where), 怎么 (how), 几/多少 (how many).

在特殊疑问句中，疑问词直接代替未知信息，语序不变。公式：疑问词 + 主语 + 动词 + 宾语。常见疑问词：什么、谁、哪、哪儿/哪里、怎么、几/多少。

3. Comparative Sentences | 比较句公式

The core comparative formula uses 比 (bi) to express “more than”: A + 比 + B + Adjective. You should never place an intensifier such as 很 or 非常 before the adjective in a 比 sentence; instead, use modifiers like 一点儿, 得多 or 多了 after the adjective. The negative forms are A + 没有/不如 + B + Adj or A + 不比 + B + Adj. To express equality, use A 跟/和 B 一样 (+ Adj).

最基本的比较公式是“A + 比 + B + 形容词”。在“比”字句中，形容词前不能加“很”、“非常”等程度副词；程度差异用形容词后的“一点儿”、“得多”、“多了”来表达。否定形式常用“A + 没有 + B + Adj”或“A + 不及 + B + Adj”。表示等同用“A 跟/和 B 一样（+形容词）”。

4. 把 Sentence Structure | 把字句公式

The 把 construction rearranges the order so the object is placed before the verb to highlight how it is handled, affecting its result or location. The essential formula is: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement/了. The verb must be transitive and usually linked to a result, direction, or other complement; a bare verb is rarely used after 把. This pattern is especially helpful when you want to emphasise the outcome of an action on the object.

把字句通过把宾语提到动词前，强调对宾语的处置及其产生的结果。基本公式为：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/了。动词必须是及物的，而且通常要带上结果补语、趋向补语或其他成分，极少单独使用。当你想突出动作对宾语所造成的结果时，用“把”字句格外恰当。

5. 被 Passive Structure | 被字句公式

The passive voice with 被 foregrounds the receiver of an action. The formula is: Object + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement/了. The agent can be omitted if it is unknown or unimportant. In spoken Chinese, 被 carries a negative connotation, often implying an undesirable outcome. For neutral or positive passives, 让, 叫 or 给 are sometimes used in speech, but 被 remains the safest choice for written AQA tasks.

用被的被动句把动作的承受者放在句首。基本公式为：宾语 + 被（+施事）+ 动词 + 补语/了。当施事无关紧要时，可以省略。口语中“被”往往带有不如意的色彩；中性和正面的被动在口语里有时用“让、叫、给”，但在 AQA 书面任务中，“被”仍然是最规范的选择。

6. 是…的 Emphasis | “是…的”强调结构

To emphasise part of a completed event – such as time, place, manner or agent – use the “是…的” formula. The structure is: Subject + 是 + Detail + Verb + 的. This pattern is extremely common in past-tense statements and questions. It is not used for new, unrepeated events; the action must already be known to the listener. The 是 can often be omitted in affirmative sentences, but 的 remains obligatory at the end.

要强调已发生事件的时间、地点、方式或动作发出者，就用“是…的”结构。公式为：主语 + 是 + 所强调的部分 + 动词 + 的。这个句型在叙述过去的事时使用频率很高。注意，动作必须是谈话双方已知的信息；肯定句中“是”常可省略，但句末的“的”一定不能丢。

7. Aspect Particles 了 / 过 / 着 | 动态助词“了/过/着”

Chinese uses three key aspect markers, not tenses. 了₁ (verb-了) marks a completed action: V + 了. 了₂ (sentence-了) signals a change of state or a new situation: Sentence + 了. 过 indicates past experience: V + 过, often translated as “have ever done”. 着 expresses a continuous state or an ongoing action: V + 着. Remember that stative verbs (e.g., 是, 在, 喜欢) rarely take 了₁ to show completion.

中文用三个动态助词表示“态”，而非时态。了₁（动词+了）表示动作完成；了₂（句末了）表示情况变化或新事态的出现；过表示过去的经历（常译为“曾经做过”）；着表示状态的持续或动作的进行。注意像“是、在、喜欢”等静态动词一般不用“了₁”表完成。

Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com

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