📚 Year 11 AQA Geography: Case Study Practical Exercises | AQA 地理案例分析实战演练
Case studies are the backbone of success in AQA GCSE Geography. They provide the specific, place‑based evidence that turns generic textbook knowledge into high‑mark answers. This masterclass walks you through the most commonly taught case studies, shows you how to structure your responses using the PEEL technique, and gives you hands‑on practice to build confidence for Paper 1, Paper 2 and Paper 3.
案例分析是 AQA GCSE 地理考试拿高分的基础。它们提供了具体的地点证据，让原本泛泛的课本知识变成可以拿到高分的答案。本场实战演练将带你梳理最常学习的案例，教你如何用 PEEL 技巧组织答案，并通过动手练习帮助你为卷一、卷二和卷三建立信心。
1. Understanding Case Study Requirements | 理解案例分析的要求
AQA assesses case studies through three Assessment Objectives (AOs). You must show knowledge of location and facts (AO1), apply this information to the question (AO2), and make judgements or evaluate the significance of the information (AO3). A common pitfall is simply describing a case study without linking it back to the question.
AQA 通过三个评估目标 (AO) 来评价你的案例分析水平。你需要展示对地点和事实的知识 (AO1)，将这些信息应用到具体问题中 (AO2)，并对信息的重要性做出判断或评价 (AO3)。常见问题是仅仅描述了案例，却没有与问题挂钩。
When you plan a 6‑mark or 9‑mark answer, identify the command word. ‘Assess’, ‘evaluate’ or ‘to what extent’ always require a balanced argument and a conclusion that weighs up evidence. Descriptive commands like ‘describe’ still demand accurate and well‑chosen facts from your case study.
在构思6分或9分的答案时，要先识别指令词。“评估”“评价”或“在多大程度上”这类词总是要求你给出平衡的论证，并对证据进行权衡并得出结论。即使是“描述”这样的指令词，也要求你从案例中选取准确、恰当的事实。
Always locate your case study clearly at the beginning of your answer. Write one sentence that pinpoints the scale and location, for example: ‘The 2010 Haiti earthquake occurred in a low‑income country (LIC) on a conservative plate boundary.
答题时一定要在开头就把案例的位置交代清楚。用一个句子点明规模和地点，例如：“2010年海地地震发生在一个位于保守型板块边界的低收入国家。”
2. The PEEL Approach to Answering Questions | PEEL 答题法
The PEEL framework keeps your paragraphs focused and analytical. PEEL stands for Point, Evidence, Explanation and Link. Use this structure especially for 6‑mark and 9‑mark questions, where the quality of your reasoning counts just as much as your knowledge.
PEEL 框架能让你的段落保持聚焦和分析性。PEEL 代表观点 (Point)、证据 (Evidence)、解释 (Explanation) 和扣题链接 (Link)。尤其是在6分和9分题中，推理的质量和知识的掌握同样重要，务必使用这个结构。
First, state your Point in direct response to the question. Next, bring in your Evidence – that is the specific data, place names or statistics from your case study. Afterwards, Explain how the evidence supports your point, using geographical terms such as ‘multiplier effect’, ‘selective logging’ or ‘spontaneous settlement’. Finally, Link back to the question to show why this matters for the overall argument.
首先，直接针对问题陈述你的观点。其次，引入证据——即来自案例的具体数据、地名或统计数字。然后，解释证据如何支持你的观点，并使用“乘数效应”“选择性伐木”或“自发聚落”等地理术语。最后，扣回问题，说明这一点对整个论证为何重要。
PEEL can be adapted for ‘social, economic and environmental’ categories. In a 9‑mark question on effects of a natural hazard, you might write three PEEL paragraphs – one for social impacts, one for economic impacts and one for environmental impacts – each packed with case study evidence.
PEEL 可以灵活应用在“社会、经济和环境”分类中。在回答一道关于自然灾害影响的9分题时，你可以写出三个 PEEL 段落——社会影响、经济影响和环境影响各一段，每一段都塞满案例证据。
3. Natural Hazards Case Study: Haiti Earthquake 2010 | 自然灾害案例：2010年海地地震
Haiti is a classic LIC earthquake case study. On 12 January 2010, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck near Port‑au‑Prince, the capital. The focus was shallow at just 13 km, which intensified the shaking. Haiti’s low level of development meant that building quality was poor, and the country lacked comprehensive emergency services.
海地是一个典型的低收入国家地震案例。2010年1月12日，一场7.0级地震袭击了首都太子港附近。震源深度只有13公里，浅源性加剧了震动。海地欠发达的状况意味着建筑质量差，国家也缺乏完善的应急服务。
Primary effects included over 220 000 deaths, 300 000 injuries and widespread destruction of housing and infrastructure. The port, airport and main hospital were damaged, hampering immediate rescue efforts. Secondary effects included cholera outbreaks due to poor sanitation and a massive temporary camp crisis, with 1.5 million people displaced.
主要影响包括超过22万人死亡、30万人受伤，住房和基础设施被大面积摧毁。港口、机场和主要医院受损，阻碍了即时救援。次生影响包括因卫生条件恶劣引发的霍乱暴发，以及大规模临时营地危机，150万人流离失所。
Short‑term responses relied heavily on international aid. Search‑and‑rescue teams and field hospitals arrived from countries like the USA and the UK. Long‑term responses were mixed: cash‑for‑work programmes cleared rubble, but rebuilding was slow due to corruption and land tenure disputes. Cash transfers from NGOs helped families meet basic needs.
短期应对严重依赖国际援助。搜救队和野战医院来自美国和英国等国家。长期应对则好坏参半：以工代赈项目清理了瓦砾，但重建因腐败和土地产权纠纷而进展缓慢。非政府组织的现金转移支付帮助家庭满足了基本需求。
When using this case study, always stress the vulnerability of the population – poverty, high population density and political instability turned a natural hazard into a catastrophic disaster.
使用这个案例时，一定要强调人口的脆弱性——贫穷、高人口密度和政治不稳定让一次自然风险变成了灾难性的事件。
4. Weather Hazards Case Study: Typhoon Haiyan | 天气灾害案例：台风海燕
Typhoon Haiyan (locally known as Yolanda) struck the Philippines on 8 November 2013. It was a Category 5 super typhoon, with sustained winds of 195 mph and storm surges exceeding 5 metres. The Philippines is a newly emerging economy (NEE) with a high exposure to tropical storms.
台风海燕（当地称约兰达）于2013年11月8日袭击菲律宾。它是一场5级的超级台风，持续风速达到每小时195英里，风暴潮超过5米。菲律宾是一个新兴经济体，对热带风暴的暴露度很高。
Social impacts were devastating: at least 6 300 people lost their lives, and more than 4 million were displaced. Economic impacts included an estimated US$2.86 billion in damage, wiping out coconut and rice farming which were key livelihoods. Environmental impacts saw mangroves ripped away and coastal ecosystems severely damaged.
社会影响是毁灭性的：至少6 300人丧生，超过400万人流离失所。经济影响方面，估计损失达28.6亿美元，摧毁了作为关键生计的椰子和水稻种植。环境影响则包括红树林被撕扯殆尽，滨海生态系统遭到严重破坏。
Immediate responses involved large‑scale evacuation warnings, but many people did not have adequate shelter. International aid provided food, water and temporary medical facilities. Long‑term responses included the ‘Build Back Better’ programme, which aimed to relocate settlements away from the coast and construct typhoon‑resistant housing.
即时应对包含大规模疏散预警，但许多人没有适当的庇护场所。国际援助提供了食物、水和临时医疗设施。长期的应对措施包括“重建得更好”方案，旨在将定居点迁离海岸，并建造抗台风住房。
This case study is excellent for illustrating preparation and prediction issues in an NEE. Mention that the government’s early warning text messages saved lives, but poverty meant many could not afford to evacuate in time.
这个案例非常适合用来阐述新兴经济体的防灾准备和预报问题。可以提到政府的预警短信挽救了许多生命，但贫困意味着许多人无力及时撤离。
5. Tropical Rainforest Case Study: Amazon Rainforest | 热带雨林案例：亚马逊雨林
The Amazon rainforest is the world’s largest tropical rainforest, covering parts of nine South American countries, with the largest share in Brazil. It supports immense biodiversity and provides global ecosystem services such as carbon storage and climate regulation.
亚马逊雨林是世界上最大的热带雨林，覆盖南美洲九个国家的部分地区，其中巴西的份额最大。它支撑着庞大的生物多样性，并提供碳储存和气候调节等全球生态系统服务。
Causes of deforestation include cattle ranching (accounting for about 80% of cleared land), commercial agriculture (especially soya farming), logging, mineral extraction and major infrastructure projects like the Trans‑Amazonian Highway. Population growth and migration into the region have also increased pressure.
毁林的原因包括畜牧业（约占已开垦土地的80%）、商业性农业（尤其是大豆种植）、伐木、矿产开采以及跨亚马逊公路等大型基础设施项目。人口增长和向该地区的迁移也加大了压力。
Impacts of deforestation are both local and global. Locally, soil erosion increases and native groups such as the Kayapó lose their ancestral land and traditional ways of life. Globally, the loss of trees reduces carbon sequestration, accelerating climate change. An estimated 137 species are lost every day globally, many from tropical rainforests.
毁林的影响既是局部的也是全球性的。在局部，土壤侵蚀加剧，凯亚波人等原住民群体失去了祖传的土地和传统生活方式。在全球，树木的消失降低了碳固存，加速了气候变化。据估计，全球每天有137个物种消失，其中许多来自热带雨林。
Sustainable management strategies include selective logging, agroforestry, the creation of national parks and reserves, and REDD+ programmes that pay developing countries to keep forests standing. The Brazilian government has also used satellite monitoring to detect illegal clearing.
可持续管理策略包括选择性伐木、农林复合经营、建立国家公园和保护区，以及为保护森林向发展中国家付钱的 REDD+ 计划。巴西政府还利用卫星监测来发现非法砍伐。
6. Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro | 城市化案例：里约热内卢
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is an NEE city that showcases the opportunities and challenges of rapid urban growth. With a population exceeding 6.7 million, it has experienced significant rural‑to‑urban migration, leading to the expansion of informal settlements called favelas.
巴西的里约热内卢是一座新兴经济体城市，展示了快速城市增长带来的机遇与挑战。该市人口超过670万，经历了大规模的乡城迁移，导致了被称为“贫民窟”的非正规住区的扩张。
Social opportunities include improved access to education and healthcare compared with rural areas. Economic opportunities are centred on formal and informal employment: the city is a major hub for tourism, services and manufacturing. However, challenges are stark: a shortage of affordable housing forces about 22% of the population to live in favelas, where basic services can be lacking.
社会方面的机遇包括与农村地区相比，教育和医疗的获取有所改善。经济机遇集中在正规和非正规就业上：该市是旅游、服务和制造业的重要枢纽。但挑战也很严峻：经济适用房短缺迫使大约22%的人口居住在贫民窟，那里可能缺少基本服务。
Environmental challenges arise from traffic congestion causing air pollution, and waste disposal problems, particularly around Guanabara Bay. Urban management projects such as the Favela Bairro programme have attempted to improve infrastructure and provide land titles, though funding often limits the scale of change.
环境挑战源于交通拥堵造成的空气污染，以及垃圾处理问题，尤其是在瓜纳巴拉湾周围。诸如“贫民窟到社区”计划等城市管理项目一直试图改善基础设施并提供土地所有权，尽管资金往往限制了改革的规模。
Use Rio when asked about opportunities and challenges in NEE cities. For higher marks, discuss the environmental harm caused by industrial growth alongside the social benefits of inward investment.
当被问到新兴经济体城市的机遇和挑战时，可以使用里约。要拿到高分，需要同时讨论工业增长带来的环境危害以及外来投资带来的社会效益。
7. Economic Development Case Study: Nigeria | 经济发展案例：尼日利亚
Nigeria is an essential case study for understanding economic development in an NEE. Located in West Africa, it has the largest economy on the continent and a rapidly growing population. Its wealth has historically rested on oil exports, but the economy is diversifying into telecommunications and services.
尼日利亚是理解新兴经济体经济发展的一个关键案例。它位于西非，拥有非洲大陆最大的经济体，人口增长迅速。其财富历来依赖于石油出口，但经济正逐渐向电信和服务业多元化发展。
The role of transnational corporations (TNCs) is crucial. Shell has been extracting oil in the Niger Delta for decades, bringing employment and infrastructure but also causing severe environmental degradation through oil spills and gas flaring. The advantages of TNCs include tax revenue and skills transfer; the disadvantages involve pollution and limited benefit to local communities.
跨国公司 (TNC) 的作用至关重要。壳牌已在尼日尔三角洲开采石油数十年，带来了就业和基础设施，但也通过石油泄漏和天然气燃除造成了严重的环境退化。跨国公司的好处包括税收和技术转让；坏处则涉及污染和当地社区获益有限。
Aid has also shaped Nigeria’s development. The country receives both bilateral aid (from specific countries like the UK) and aid from international organisations. Useful examples include health aid to combat malaria and educational programmes funded by NGOs. However, some aid has been criticised for fostering dependency.
援助也塑造了尼日利亚的发展。该国既接受双边援助（来自英国等特定国家），也接受国际组织援助。有用的例子包括抗击疟疾的卫生援助，以及由非政府组织资助的教育项目。然而，一些援助因滋生依赖而受到批评。
When tackling questions on uneven development, contrast the relatively wealthy south with the arid north, where desertification limits economic opportunities. This geographical divide helps you deliver a balanced evaluation.
在应对关于发展不平衡的问题时，可以将相对富裕的南部与干旱的北部进行对比，北部的荒漠化限制了经济机会。这种地理上的差距有助于你做出平衡的评价。
8. UK Physical Landscape Case Study: Dorset Coast | 英国自然景观案例：多塞特海岸
The Dorset coastline in southern England is a key case study for coastal processes and management in the UK. It features a discordant coastline where alternating bands of hard and soft rock have created dramatic landforms such as Lulworth Cove and Durdle Door.
英格兰南部的多塞特海岸是英国海岸过程与管理的核心案例。它拥有一个不和谐海岸，软硬岩层交替分布，形成了诸如拉尔沃思湾和杜德尔门这样的壮丽地貌。
Processes of erosion, including hydraulic action and abrasion, have shaped headlands and bays. The famous arch of Durdle Door was formed through wave erosion on resistant Portland limestone. Mass movement, such as slumping at Swanage Bay, is common where soft clays are undercut by waves after heavy rainfall.
包括水力作用和磨蚀在内的侵蚀过程塑造了岬角和海湾。著名的杜德尔门拱正是由波浪侵蚀作用在抗蚀的波特兰石灰岩上形成的。块体移动，如斯沃尼奇湾的滑塌现象，在强降雨后波浪掏蚀软黏土的地方十分常见。
Coastal management is highly visible along this stretch. At Lyme Regis, an extensive engineering scheme has been implemented, including sea walls, rock armour and beach nourishment, to stabilise the unstable cliffs. In other areas, managed retreat is being considered where protecting the coast is no longer cost‑effective.
在这段海岸线上，海岸管理随处可见。在莱姆里吉斯，已实施了一项大规模的工程方案，包括海堤、抛石护岸和滩肩补沙，以稳定不稳定的悬崖。在保护海岸不再具有成本效益的其他地区，正在考虑有计划的后撤。
In an exam, you can evaluate the success of hard engineering versus soft engineering. Hard engineering can protect high‑value properties but may transfer erosion problems down‑drift. Soft engineering, like beach nourishment, is more environmentally friendly but requires regular maintenance.
考试中，你可以评价硬工程与软工程的成功之处。硬工程可以保护高价值资产，但可能将侵蚀问题转移至下游。像滩肩补沙这样的软工程更环保，但需要定期维护。
9. Resource Management Case Study: Water in the UK | 资源管理案例：英国水资源
Water management in the UK illustrates the challenge of meeting demand in a high‑income country. The north and west of the UK enjoy a water surplus due to high rainfall, while the densely populated south‑east faces a water deficit. This mismatch requires large‑scale transfer schemes and careful demand management.
英国的水资源管理体现了高收入国家满足需求的挑战。受高降雨量影响，英国的北部和西部享有水资源盈余，而人口稠密的东南部则面临水资源短缺。这种不匹配需要大规模的调水工程和精细的需求管理。
The Kielder Water transfer scheme in Northumberland is a strong example of a supply‑side solution. Water is transferred from the Kielder reservoir via pipelines and rivers to meet demand in the Tyne and Wear conurbation and beyond. This has supported industrial and urban growth, but its construction was expensive and altered local ecosystems.
诺森伯兰郡的基尔德调水工程是一个供给侧解决方案的典型例子。水通过管道和河流从基尔德水库调出，以满足泰恩-威尔都市区及更远地区的需求。此举支持了工业和城市的发展，但其建设成本高昂，且改变了当地生态系统。
On the demand side, water companies promote water efficiency through metering, water‑efficient appliances and public campaigns. The ‘Save Water, Save Money’ campaign encourages households to use water butts and repair leaks. Demand management reduces the need for costly new infrastructure.
在需求侧，水务公司通过水表计量、节水器具和公众宣传活动来提高用水效率。“节水即省钱”活动鼓励家庭使用集雨桶并修复渗漏。需求管理减少了对昂贵新基础设施的需求。
For a 9‑mark evaluation, you could assess whether supply or demand management is more sustainable. While transfers can secure water supplies, reducing consumption tackles the root cause and lessens environmental stress on river catchments.
对于一道9分评价题，你可以评估是供给侧管理还是需求侧管理更具可持续性。虽然调水可以保障供水，但减少消费能解决根本问题，并减轻对河流集水区的环境压力。
10. Comparing Case Studies for Higher Marks | 比较案例以获得高分
High‑level answers often compare case studies to draw out contrasts. For earthquakes, pairing Haiti (LIC) with New Zealand (HIC, 2011 Christchurch earthquake) allows you to analyse why building codes and emergency services reduced deaths in Christchurch to 185, compared with over 220 000 in Haiti. The comparison below highlights the difference that development makes.
高分答案往往通过案例比较来突显差异。在地震方面，将海地（低收入国家）与新西兰（高收入国家，2011年基督城地震）配对，你就可以分析为何建筑规范和应急服务将基督城的死亡人数降至185人，而海地则超过22万。下面的比较突显了发展水平带来的不同。
English comparison table:
| Factor | Haiti (2010) | New Zealand (2011) |
| Magnitude | 7.0 | 6.3 |
| Deaths | ~220 000 | 185 |
| Building quality | Poor; many informal structures | Strict seismic building codes |
| Emergency response | Overwhelmed; reliant on international aid | Well‑resourced local services; rapid response |
| Recovery speed | Very slow; ongoing challenges | Faster due to insurance and governance |
中文比较表格：
| 因素 | 海地 (2010) | 新西兰 (2011) |
| 震级 | 7.0 | 6.3 |
| 死亡人数 | 约22万 | 185 |
| 建筑质量 | 差；大量非正规结构 | 严格的抗震建筑规范 |
| 应急响应 | 不堪重负；依赖国际援助 | 本地资源充足；响应快速 |
| 恢复速度 | 极其缓慢；挑战持续 | 因
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