Year 11 AQA Science: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | AQA Year 11 科学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 AQA Science: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | AQA Year 11 科学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering scientific terminology is the foundation of success in AQA GCSE Science. Whether you are answering ‘describe’, ‘explain’ or ‘evaluate’ questions, using precise terms like ‘activation energy’, ‘electrolysis’ or ‘resultant force’ shows examiners that you truly understand the subject. This guide breaks down the most important vocabulary across Biology, Chemistry and Physics, and pairs each concept with proven memory hooks to help you learn faster and retain longer.

掌握科学术语是在 AQA GCSE 科学中取得成功的基石。无论是回答‘描述’、‘解释’还是‘评价’类问题，准确使用‘活化能’、‘电解’或‘合外力’等术语都能向考官展示你对学科的真正理解。本指南将拆解生物、化学和物理中最关键的词汇，并为每个概念搭配经过验证的记忆挂钩，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。

1. Why Memorising Scientific Terms Matters | 为什么记忆科学术语很重要

In AQA Science exams, marks are often allocated for correct use of terminology. A description of the heart that mentions ‘ventricles’, ‘atria’ and ‘valves’ is far stronger than one that just says ‘parts of the heart’. When you use words like ‘diffusion’, ‘concentration gradient’ and ‘partially permeable membrane’ together, you demonstrate a chain of reasoning that can lift you into the higher tiers. Accurate vocabulary also helps you decode exam questions quickly, so you can focus on applying knowledge rather than guessing meaning.

在 AQA 科学考试中，术语的正确使用往往直接关系得分。提及‘心室’、‘心房’和‘瓣膜’的心脏描述远比只说‘心脏的部分’更有力。当你能同时使用‘扩散’、‘浓度梯度’和‘部分透性膜’等词汇时，你就展示了一条完整的推理链，能够帮你冲击高分。准确的术语还能帮你快速解读考题，把精力集中在知识应用上，而不是猜测词义。

2. Leveraging Prefixes and Suffixes | 巧用前缀与后缀

A large number of scientific terms are built from a few dozen roots, prefixes and suffixes. Once you recognise these building blocks, you can guess the meaning of entirely new words. The table below lists the most useful ones for GCSE Science. Familiarity with these will make terms like ‘hydrolysis’ (hydro- water, -lysis splitting) or ‘cytoplasm’ (cyto- cell, -plasm fluid) feel instantly logical.

大量科学术语是由几十个词根、前缀和后缀构成的。一旦你认出了这些构件，就能猜测全新词汇的含义。下表列出了 GCSE 科学中最常用的构词成分。熟悉它们后，像‘hydrolysis (水解)’（hydro-水, -lysis分解）或‘cytoplasm (细胞质)’（cyto-细胞, -plasm胞液）这样的术语就会瞬间变得一目了然。

By applying these patterns, you can decode ‘cytokinesis’ (cyto- cell, kinesis movement) as the division of the cytoplasm during cell division, even if you have never seen the word before. Similarly, ‘therm- ‘ meaning heat makes ‘exothermic’ (heat exits) and ‘endothermic’ (heat enters) easy to distinguish.

运用这些规律，你可以在从未见过 ‘cytokinesis’ 一词的情况下，将其解读为细胞分裂中的胞质分裂（cyto- 细胞，kinesis 运动）。同样，’therm-‘ 表示热量，这就让 ‘exothermic (放热)’ 和 ‘endothermic (吸热)’ 极易区分。

3. Biology: Cell Biology Terminology | 生物：细胞生物学术语

The cell topic introduces a dense cluster of terms: organelle, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, chloroplast, permanent vacuole and cell wall. Remember that the nucleus controls the cell because it contains DNA; mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration (‘mighty mitos’ powerhouses); ribosomes synthesise proteins (think of them as tiny workbenches); and chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis. Plant cells also have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.

细胞主题引入了一簇密集的术语：细胞器、细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体、核糖体、叶绿体、中央大液泡和细胞壁。记住细胞核控制细胞是因为含有 DNA；线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所（’mighty mitos’ 能量工厂）；核糖体合成蛋白质（想象成微型工作台）；叶绿体吸收光能进行光合作用。植物细胞还有由纤维素构成的坚实细胞壁以及充满细胞液的大液泡。

Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide and develop into different cell types. A good image is that stem cells are like ‘blank tiles’ that can be printed with any function. In plants, meristem tissue retains this ability throughout life, while in animals, most cells differentiate early.

分化是细胞变得特化的过程。干细胞是未分化的细胞，能够分裂并发育成不同类型的细胞。一个好记的比喻是干细胞就像‘空白砖块’，可以印上任何功能。在植物中，分生组织终生保持这种能力，而在动物体内，大多数细胞在早期就已分化。

4. Biology: Enzymes and Digestion | 生物：酶与消化

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being used up. Each enzyme has an active site, which is a specific shape complementary to its substrate. This is often described as the lock and key model. If the temperature or pH moves too far from the optimum, the enzyme becomes denatured: the active site changes shape irreversibly, and the substrate no longer fits – like a melted key.

酶是生物催化剂，能加速反应而不被消耗。每种酶都有一个活性位点，其形状与底物互补，常被描述为锁钥模型。如果温度或 pH 偏离最适范围太远，酶就会变性：活性位点不可逆地改变形状，底物无法再结合——就像一把融化的钥匙。

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