Year 11 Cambridge German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 剑桥Year 11德语:公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 Cambridge German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 剑桥Year 11德语:公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook presents the core grammatical ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ essential for the Year 11 Cambridge IGCSE German examination. It condenses case endings, verb patterns, sentence structures, and key rules into clear, ready-to-use tables. Learning these patterns by heart will boost your accuracy and confidence in both written and spoken tasks.

本速查手册为剑桥IGCSE德语(Year 11)考生整理了必考的核心语法“公式”与“定理”。手册采用表格与公式化表达,把格变化、动词形式、句子结构等难点转化为一目了然的速查条目,帮你精准掌握规则,在写作和口语考试中稳操胜券。

1. Definite Articles & Noun Cases | 定冠词与名词格变化

German nouns change their preceding articles according to four cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object) and genitive (possession). The definite article ‘the’ acts as a clear indicator of gender and case. Memorise this master table to unlock all following adjective and pronoun patterns.

德语名词前的冠词会根据四个格变化:主格(主语)、宾格(直接宾语)、与格(间接宾语)和属格(所属关系)。定冠词直接体现名词的性和格,背诵下表是掌握后续所有形容词、代词规则的基础。

Case / 格 Masculine (der) Feminine (die) Neuter (das) Plural (die)
Nominative / 主格 der die das die
Accusative / 宾格 den die das die
Dative / 与格 dem der dem den
Genitive / 属格 des der des der

In the dative plural an extra ‘-n’ is often added to the noun itself (den Freunden, den Eltern). The genitive masculine/neuter also adds ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ to the noun (des Mannes).

注意:与格复数名词本身通常加词尾 -n(如 den Freunden, den Eltern)。属格的阳性和中性名词也常加词尾 -s 或 -es(如 des Mannes)。


2. Indefinite & Negative Articles | 不定冠词与否定冠词

The indefinite article ‘ein’ (a/an) and the negative article ‘kein’ (no/not a) follow the same declension pattern as the definite article, but with the nominative masculine and neuter being ‘ein’ and ‘kein’ without endings. Their plural form uses ‘keine’. The table below shows the full set.

不定冠词 ein 和否定冠词 kein 的变化模式与定冠词类似,只是在主格阳性和中性时以无词尾的 ein/kein 出现。其复数形式为 keine。下表展示了全部变化。

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative ein / kein eine / keine ein / kein keine
Accusative einen / keinen eine / keine ein / kein keine
Dative einem / keinem einer / keiner einem / keinem keinen
Genitive eines / keines einer / keiner eines / keines keiner

Possessive adjectives (mein, dein, sein, ihr, sein, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr) decline exactly like ‘kein’, taking its endings in all cases.

物主形容词(mein, dein, sein, ihr, sein, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr)的变化与 kein 完全一致,带上相应格词尾即可。


3. Personal Pronouns in All Cases | 人称代词四格公式

Personal pronouns replace nouns and shift their form according to case. The following table is a must-memorise formula for accurate sentence construction.

人称代词在不同格中形态各异,下表是构建正确句子必不可少的公式,务必牢记。

Case I you (sg., inf.) he she it we you (pl., inf.) they / you (formal)
Nominative ich du er sie es wir ihr sie / Sie
Accusative mich dich ihn sie es uns euch sie / Sie
Dative mir dir ihm ihr ihm uns euch ihnen / Ihnen

Whenever a preposition or verb demands a specific case, simply slot in the appropriate pronoun from the table. For example: ‘Ich sehe ihn’ (accusative), ‘Ich gebe ihm das Buch’ (dative).

需要某格代词时,直接从上表中选取即可。比如:’Ich sehe ihn’(宾格),’Ich gebe ihm das Buch’(与格)。


4. Adjective Ending Rules (The ‘Formulas’) | 形容词词尾公式

Adjective endings depend on whether a preceding article gives strong or weak gender/case signals. There are three fundamental tables: after definite articles, after indefinite articles, and with no article.

形容词词尾取决于前面冠词是否已经强烈表明名词的性和格。共有三种基本变化表:定冠词后、不定冠词后、无冠词强变化。

After definite articles (weak declension): The endings are either -e or -en. Use the following grid.

定冠词后(弱变化):词尾只出现 -e 或 -en。按下表使用。

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative -e -e -e -en
Accusative -en -e -e -en
Dative -en -en -en -en
Genitive -en -en -en -en

After indefinite/possessive/no article (mixed and strong declensions): Use the stronger endings that clearly mark gender and case. After ‘ein’, ‘kein’, and possessives, the same endings appear except in the nominative masculine and neuter where the adjective takes the definite article ending to compensate for the unmarked article.

不定冠词/物主词/无冠词后(混合与强变化):须用明确体现性和格的词尾。在 ein/kein/物主词后,除主格阳性和中性外,其余均用弱变化词尾;主格阳性加 -er、中性加 -es 以弥补冠词信息不足。无冠词时(强变化)形容词直接承担标记功能,词尾与定冠词词尾高度相似。

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative (after ein/kein) -er -e -es -en
Nominative (no article) -er -e -es -e

For most other forms after ‘ein’ or no article, the adjective endings align closely with the weak declension shown above, but the nominative/accusative neuter no article takes ‘-es’ as the strong signal.

其余格位的词尾基本与弱变化一致(如宾格阳性 -en,与格全用 -en)。注意无冠词的复数主格/宾格为 -e,属格为 -er。


5. Regular Verb Conjugation: Present Tense Formula | 规则动词现在时变位公式

The vast majority of German verbs are regular (weak). The present tense is built with the stem plus personal endings: stem + -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en. Use the formula below for verbs like ‘spielen’, ‘machen’, ‘wohnen’.

大多数德语动词为规则变化,现在时由词干加上人称词尾构成:词干 + -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en。此公式适用于 spielen、machen、wohnen 等动词。

Present tense formula: stem + ending

现在时公式:词干 + 词尾

Person Ending Example: spielen
ich -e spiele
du -st spielst
er/sie/es -t spielt
wir -en spielen
ihr -t spielt
sie/Sie -en spielen

When the stem ends in -t, -d, -m, -n (with a consonant before), an extra ‘-e-‘ is inserted before -st and -t (du arbeitest, er arbeitet). For stems ending in -s, -ß, -z, the du form drops the ‘s’ and uses just -t (du tanzt, du heißt).

若词干以 -t、-d、-m、-n(前有其他辅音)结尾,则 du 和 er/sie/es 需插入元音 -e-(如 du arbeitest, er arbeitet)。以 -s、-ß、-z 结尾的词干,du 形式省略 s,仅用 -t(du tanzt, du heißt)。


6. Strong Verb Vowel Change Patterns | 强变化动词词干变音公式

Many common verbs are strong and change their stem vowel in the du and er/sie/es forms. The patterns are predictable: a → ä, e → i or ie, and sometimes au → äu.

许多常用动词属强变化,需要在 du 和 er/sie/es 人称变换词干元音。变化规律可概括为:a → ä,e → i 或 ie,有时 au → äu。

Pattern Infinitive 3rd sg. (er/sie/es) Meaning
a → ä fahren fährt to drive/travel
schlafen schläft to sleep
e → i essen isst to eat
geben gibt to give
e → ie sehen sieht to see
lesen liest to read
au → äu laufen läuft to run

The du form mirrors the vowel change: du fährst, du isst, du gibst, du siehst, du liest. Other strong verbs like ‘nehmen’

Published by TutorHao | Year 11 德语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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