📚 Year 11 Edexcel Chemistry: Essential Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 化学：核心词汇术语速记指南
Mastering chemistry at Year 11 requires fluency in the language of the subject. This guide compiles the most essential vocabulary and terminology covered in Edexcel chemistry, presented in clear English definitions with immediate Chinese translations. Use it as a quick reference or active recall tool to boost your exam performance and bilingual understanding.
想在 Year 11 化学中取得优异成绩，仅理解概念还不够，必须掌握学科的专业语言。本指南系统整理了 Edexcel 化学的核心词汇与术语，每个英文定义后紧跟着准确的中文释义，方便你随时查阅、自测记忆，在双语学习中抢占先机。
1. Atoms, Elements, Compounds & Mixtures | 原子、元素、化合物与混合物
Atom: the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It contains a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
原子：能参与化学反应的元素的最小粒子，由质子、中子构成的原子核和绕核电子组成。
Element: a substance made of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
元素：只由一种原子构成的物质，无法通过化学方法分解成更简单的物质。
Compound: a substance formed when atoms of two or more different elements are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions. The properties of a compound are different from its constituent elements.
化合物：两种或以上不同元素的原子以固定比例通过化学键结合而成的物质，其性质与组成元素截然不同。
Mixture: a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically joined. The components keep their own properties and can be separated by physical methods.
混合物：两种或以上物质未经化学结合的混合体，各组分保留本身性质，能通过物理方法分离。
Molecule: a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Molecules can be elements (e.g. O₂) or compounds (e.g. H₂O).
分子：由共价键连接的一组原子。分子可以是单质（如O₂），也可以是化合物（如H₂O）。
Ion: an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost electrons, giving it a net electrical charge. Cations are positive, anions are negative.
离子：因得到或失去电子而带净电荷的原子或原子团。阳离子带正电，阴离子带负电。
Atomic number (Z): the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It identifies the element.
原子序数（Z）：原子核中的质子数，决定了元素的种类。
Mass number (A): the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
质量数（A）：原子核内质子和中子的总数。
Isotope: atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have identical chemical properties but different physical properties.
同位素：质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。化学性质几乎相同，但物理性质（如质量）有差异。
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): the weighted average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
相对原子质量（Aᵣ）：元素一个原子的加权平均质量与一个碳-12原子质量的1/12之比。
2. Chemical Bonding & Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bond: the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically formed when a metal atom transfers electrons to a non-metal atom. Ionic compounds form giant ionic lattices.
离子键：带相反电荷的离子之间的强烈静电吸引，通常由金属原子将电子转移给非金属原子形成。离子化合物构成巨型离子晶格。
Covalent bond: a bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms. Covalent substances can be simple molecular or giant covalent structures.
共价键：两个非金属原子间通过共享一对电子形成的化学键。共价物质可以是简单分子结构或巨型共价结构。
Metallic bond: the electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. This gives metals their conductivity, malleability and ductility.
金属键：规则排列的正金属离子与离域电子“海洋”之间的静电吸引。这使得金属具有导电性、延展性和韧性。
Delocalised electrons: electrons that are not attached to a particular atom or bond but are free to move throughout the structure. They are responsible for electrical conductivity in metals and graphite.
离域电子：不固定在特定原子或键上、可在整个结构中自由移动的电子。它们使金属和石墨等能够导电。
Allotrope: different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state. For example, diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
同素异形体：同一种元素在相同物理状态下的不同结构形式，如金刚石和石墨是碳的同素异形体。
3. States of Matter & Changes of State | 物质状态与状态变化
Solid: state of matter with a fixed shape and volume. Particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement and only vibrate about fixed positions.
固体：形状和体积固定的物质状态。粒子紧密排列成规则结构，仅在固定位置附近振动。
Liquid: state of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; it takes the shape of its container. Particles are close together but can slide past one another.
液体：体积固定但无固定形状的物质状态，随容器改变形状。粒子彼此靠近但可以滑动。
Gas: state of matter with no fixed shape or volume; particles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds.
气体：没有固定形状和体积的物质状态；粒子相距较远，高速随机运动。
Melting: the process where a solid turns into a liquid at its melting point. Energy is absorbed to break some intermolecular forces.
熔化：固体在熔点时变为液体的过程，吸收能量以克服部分分子间力。
Boiling / Evaporation: boiling occurs throughout a liquid at the boiling point; evaporation occurs only at the surface, below the boiling point. Both require energy.
沸腾 / 蒸发：沸腾在沸点时整个液体中发生；蒸发只在低于沸点的液体表面发生。两过程均需吸收能量。
Condensation: the change of state from gas to liquid, releasing energy as particles slow down and come closer together.
冷凝：气体变为液体的过程，粒子减速、靠近并释放能量。
Sublimation: the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state, e.g. solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) and iodine.
升华：固体不经过液体直接变为气体的过程，如干冰（固体二氧化碳）和碘。
Diffusion: the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by random particle motion.
扩散：粒子因随机运动从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。
4. Quantitative Chemistry & The Mole | 定量化学与摩尔
Mole (mol): the unit for amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ elementary entities (Avogadro constant).
摩尔（mol）：物质的量的单位。1摩尔物质精确包含6.02 × 10²³个基本单元（阿伏伽德罗常数）。
Avogadro constant: the number of particles in one mole of a substance: 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹.
阿伏伽德罗常数：1摩尔物质中的粒子数，约为6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹。
Molar mass (M): the mass of one mole of a substance, numerically equal to the relative formula mass expressed in g mol⁻¹.
摩尔质量（M）：1摩尔物质的质量，数值上等于相对式质量，单位为 g mol⁻¹。
Concentration: the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution, often measured in mol dm⁻³ or g dm⁻³. Formula: concentration = amount (mol) / volume (dm³).
浓度：单位体积溶液中溶质的量，常用单位为 mol dm⁻³ 或 g dm⁻³。公式：浓度 = 物质的量（mol）/ 体积（dm³）。
Molar volume of gas: at room temperature and pressure (rtp, 20 °C and 1 atm), one mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³. At standard temperature and pressure, it is 22.4 dm³.
气体摩尔体积：室温常压下（20 °C, 1 atm），1摩尔任何气体的体积为24 dm³；标准状况下为22.4 dm³。
Empirical formula: the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
实验式（最简式）：化合物中各元素原子的最简整数比。
Molecular formula: shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.
分子式：表示化合物一个分子中各元素原子的实际数目。
Percentage yield: (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%. It indicates the efficiency of a reaction.
产率：（实际产量 ÷ 理论产量）×100%，反映反应的效率。
Limiting reactant: the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction and determines the amount of products formed.
限制反应物：在反应中完全消耗的反应物，它决定了生成物的产量。
5. Acids, Bases & Salts | 酸、碱与盐
Acid: a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution. Common acids include HCl, H₂SO₄ and HNO₃.
酸：在水溶液中能产生氢离子（H⁺）的物质。常见的酸有盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）和硝酸（HNO₃）。
Base: a substance that can neutralise an acid to form a salt and water. Bases that are soluble in water are called alkalis and produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
碱：能中和酸形成盐和水的物质。可溶于水的碱称为可溶性碱（alkali），能产生氢氧根离子（OH⁻）。
pH scale: a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline), with 7 being neutral.
pH值：衡量溶液酸碱度的标度，范围通常为0（强酸性）到14（强碱性），7为中性。
Neutralisation: the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and water. In terms of ions, H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程。离子方程式为 H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
Salt: an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion. E.g., NaCl, KNO₃.
盐：酸中的氢离子被金属离子或铵根离子取代后形成的离子化合物，如 NaCl、KNO₃。
Strong acid vs Weak acid: a strong acid fully dissociates in water (e.g. HCl), while a weak acid only partially dissociates (e.g. ethanoic acid). Strength is not the same as concentration.
强酸与弱酸：强酸在水中完全电离（如盐酸），弱酸仅部分电离（如乙酸）。酸的强度与浓度是不同的概念。
Indicator: a substance that changes colour depending on the pH of the solution. Common indicators include litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange.
指示剂：颜色随溶液pH值改变的物质。常用的有石蕊、酚酞和甲基橙。
6. Electrolysis & Redox | 电解与氧化还原
Electrolysis: the process of splitting an ionic compound by passing a direct electric current through its molten or dissolved state, causing chemical changes at the electrodes.
电解：使直流电通过熔融或溶解的离子化合物，使其在电极上发生化学变化的分解过程。
Electrolyte: the ionic compound, either molten or in solution, that conducts electricity and is decomposed during electrolysis.
电解质：在熔融态或溶液中能导电并在电解过程中自身分解的离子化合物。
Electrode: a conductor, usually graphite or metal, through which current enters or leaves the electrolyte. The positive electrode is the anode, the negative is the cathode.
电极：通常用石墨或金属制成的导体，电流通过其进入或离开电解质。正极为阳极，负极为阴极。
Oxidation: loss of electrons; an increase in oxidation number. Often remembered as OIL (Oxidation Is Loss).
氧化：失去电子，氧化数升高。常用口诀 OIL（Oxidation Is Loss）帮助记忆。
Reduction: gain of electrons; a decrease in oxidation number. RIG (Reduction Is Gain).
还原：得到电子，氧化数降低。RIG（Reduction Is Gain）。
Redox reaction: a reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.
氧化还原反应：氧化和还原同时发生的反应。
Oxidising agent: a substance that accepts electrons and gets reduced itself.
氧化剂：本身被还原、接受电子的物质。
Reducing agent: a substance that donates electrons and gets oxidised itself.
还原剂：本身被氧化、提供电子的物质。
7. Energy Changes in Reactions | 反应中的能量变化
Exothermic reaction: a reaction that releases thermal energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise. The products have less energy than the reactants. ΔH is negative.
放热反应：向环境释放热能的反应，导致温度升高。生成物的总能量低于反应物，ΔH为负值。
Endothermic reaction: a reaction that absorbs thermal energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. ΔH is positive.
吸热反应：从环境吸收热能的反应，导致温度降低。ΔH为正值。
Activation energy (Eₐ): the minimum energy that colliding particles must possess for a reaction to occur.
活化能（Eₐ）：碰撞粒子发生反应所必须具备的最低能量。
Enthalpy change (ΔH): the heat energy change measured under constant pressure. ΔH = H(products) − H(reactants).
焓变（ΔH）：在恒压条件下测量的热量变化，ΔH = 生成物总焓 − 反应物总焓。
Bond energy: the energy required to break one mole of a particular covalent bond in the gaseous state. Bond breaking is endothermic, bond making is exothermic.
键能：断开气态物质中1摩尔某种共价键所需的能量。断键吸热，成键放热。
Energy profile diagram: a graph showing the enthalpy change (ΔH) and activation energy for a reaction.
能量曲线图：显示反应焓变（ΔH）和活化能的图表。
Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy but remains chemically unchanged at the end.
催化剂：通过提供更低活化能的替代路径来加快反应速率，而自身在反应前后化学性质不变的物体。
8. Rates of Reaction | 反应速率
Rate of reaction: the speed at which reactants are converted into products. It can be measured as change in concentration per unit time or volume of gas produced per unit time.
反应速率：反应物转化为生成物的快慢程度，可用单位时间内浓度的变化或气体体积的变化来衡量。
Collision theory: states that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy (≥ activation energy) and the correct orientation.
碰撞理论：指出要发生反应，粒子必须发生碰撞，且碰撞能量不小于活化能，同时具备合适的碰撞取向。
Factors affecting rate: concentration of solutions, pressure of gases, temperature, surface area of solids and the use of a catalyst.
影响速率的因素：溶液浓度、气体压强、温度、固体表面积以及催化剂的使用。
Successful collision: a collision that leads to a reaction, forming products because the particles have enough energy and proper orientation.
有效碰撞：能引发反应并生成产物的碰撞，此时粒子能量充足且取向合适。
Boltzmann distribution: shows the spread of kinetic energies among particles in a gas or liquid at a certain temperature. Raising the temperature increases the proportion of particles with energy greater than Eₐ.
玻尔兹曼分布：表示在一定温度下气体或液体中粒子动能的分布情况。升温会使能量超过活化能的粒子比例增大。
9. Organic Chemistry Basics | 有机化学基础
Hydrocarbon: a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, such as alkanes and alkenes.
烃：仅由碳和氢两种元素组成的化合物，如烷烃和烯烃。
Homologous series: a family of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties, and a trend in physical properties. Each successive member differs by a CH₂ unit.
同系物：具有相同通式、相似化学性质、物理性质呈递变规律的一系列有机化合物，相邻成员相差一个 CH₂。
Alkane: saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. They contain only single bonds (C–C).
烷烃：通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ 的饱和烃，分子中只含碳碳单键。
Alkene: unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). General formula CₙH₂ₙ.
烯烃：含有至少一个碳碳双键（C=C）的不饱和烃，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ。
Functional group: an atom or group of atoms that determines the characteristic reactions of a homologous series. In alkenes, it is the C=C bond; in alcohols, –OH.
官能团：决定有机化合物同系物特征反应的原子或原子团。如烯烃的官能团是 C=C，醇的官能团是 –OH。
Isomer: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula (arrangement of atoms).
同分异构体：分子式相同但结构式（原子排列方式）不同的化合物。
Polymerisation: the process of joining many small monomer molecules to form a very large polymer molecule. Addition polymerisation is typical for alkenes.
聚合反应：许多小分子单体连接成巨大聚合物的过程。烯烃常发生加成聚合。
Fractional distillation: separation technique used to separate crude oil into useful fractions based on differences in boiling points.
分馏：利用沸点差异将原油分离成不同有用馏分的分离技术。
Cracking: the thermal decomposition of long-chain alkanes into shorter, more useful alkanes and alkenes, often using a catalyst or steam.
裂化：在催化剂或蒸汽存在下，将长链烷烃热分解为更短链、更有用的烷烃和烯烃的过程。
10. Chemical Analysis & Tests | 化学分析与检测
Flame test: a qualitative test for metal cations. Lithium gives a red flame, sodium yellow, potassium lilac, calcium orange-red and copper blue-green.
焰色反应：鉴定金属阳离子的定性测试。锂呈红色，钠呈黄色，钾呈淡紫色，钙呈橙红色，铜呈蓝绿色。
Precipitate: an insoluble solid formed when two solutions are mixed, used to identify specific ions. E.g., white precipitate of BaSO₄ confirms sulfate ions.
沉淀：两种溶液混合时形成的不溶性固体，常用于鉴别离子。如白色沉淀 BaSO₄ 可确认硫酸根离子。
Test for gases: Hydrogen gives a squeaky pop with a lighted splint; oxygen relights a glowing splint; carbon dioxide turns limewater milky; chlorine bleaches damp litmus paper; ammonia turns red litmus blue.
气体检验：氢气遇燃着木条有爆鸣声；氧气使带火星木条复燃；二氧化碳使石灰水变浑浊；氯气使湿润石蕊试纸褪色；氨气使湿润红色石蕊试纸变蓝。
Chromatography: a separation technique used to separate and identify components of a mixture based on their solubility in a mobile phase and adhesion to a stationary phase.
色谱法：依据混合物各组分在流动相中的溶解度和在固定相上的吸附力不同从而实现分离鉴定的技术。
Rf value: retention factor, calculated as distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent front. It is used to identify substances under the same conditions.
比移值（Rf值）：物质移动距离与溶剂前沿移动距离之比，用于在相同条件下
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