Year 11 Edexcel Philosophy: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 哲学：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 Edexcel Philosophy: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 哲学：关键术语速记指南

Mastering philosophical vocabulary is essential for success in the Year 11 Edexcel Philosophy course. This guide provides clear definitions, memory hooks and bilingual explanations to help you remember key terms quickly and confidently.

掌握哲学词汇是 Year 11 Edexcel 哲学课程成功的关键。本指南提供清晰的定义、记忆技巧以及中英双语解释，帮助你快速而自信地记住关键术语。

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1. Arguments for God’s Existence | 上帝存在的论证

Cosmological Argument – An argument that says everything has a cause, so the universe must have a first cause, which is God.

宇宙论论证 —— 认为万事万物皆有原因，因此宇宙必定有一个第一因，即上帝。

Memory tip: ‘Cosmos’ means universe; imagine a chain of dominoes falling – someone must have pushed the first one (the Prime Mover).

记忆技巧：’Cosmos’ 意为宇宙；想象一排多米诺骨牌倒下——一定有人推倒了第一块（第一推动者）。

Teleological Argument (Design Argument) – The argument that the complexity and order in the world suggest it was designed by an intelligent being, God.

目的论论证（设计论证） —— 认为世界的复杂与秩序表明它是由一位智慧存在者（上帝）设计的。

Memory tip: ‘Teleo-‘ relates to purpose; think of a watch – its parts work together for a purpose, so it must have a watchmaker.

记忆技巧：’Teleo-‘ 与目的相关；想象一只手表——其零件配合工作有目的，因此必有一位制表师。

Ontological Argument – An argument that defines God as ‘that than which nothing greater can be conceived’ and claims that such a being must exist in reality, because existence in reality is greater than existence only in the mind.

本体论论证 —— 将上帝定义为“无法设想有比之更伟大的存在”，并声称这样的存在必然在现实中存在，因为现实中的存在比仅存在于思想中的存在更伟大。

Memory tip: ‘Onto-‘ means being; if you think of the most perfect island, it must exist to be perfect – Anselm used God instead of an island.

记忆技巧：’Onto-‘ 意为存在；如果你设想最完美的岛屿，它必须真实存在才完美——安瑟伦用了上帝替代岛屿。

Moral Argument – The argument that our sense of right and wrong and the existence of an objective moral law point to a divine lawgiver, God.

道德论证 —— 认为我们对是非的感觉和客观道德律的存在指向一位神圣的立法者，即上帝。

Memory tip: Conscience = ‘con’ (with) + ‘science’ (knowledge); we are born with moral knowledge from God.

记忆技巧：良心 = ‘con’（一同）+ ‘science’（知识）；我们生来就带有上帝赋予的道德知识。

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2. The Problem of Evil and Suffering | 恶与苦难的问题

Natural Evil – Suffering caused by nature, such as earthquakes, disease and floods, not directly caused by humans.

自然恶 —— 由自然引起的苦难，如地震、疾病和洪水，并非人类直接造成。

Memory: ‘Natural’ means it comes from the natural world without human choice.

记忆：“自然”意味着来自自然界，无人类选择参与。

Moral Evil – Suffering caused by human actions, such as murder, theft and war.

道德恶 —— 由人类行为引起的苦难，如谋杀、偷窃和战争。

Memory: ‘Moral’ relates to choices; remember ‘M’ for man-made evil.

记忆：“道德”与选择相关；记住’M’代表人为造成的恶。

The Logical Problem of Evil – The inconsistency between the existence of an all-loving, all-powerful God and the existence of evil. If God is all-loving, he would want to stop evil; if all-powerful, he could; but evil exists.

恶的逻辑问题 —— 一位全爱、全能的上帝的存在与恶的存在之间的矛盾。如果上帝全爱，他愿意阻止恶；如果全能，他能够阻止；但恶依然存在。

Memory: It is ‘logical’ because it claims a contradiction – like saying a circle is a square.

记忆：之所以是“逻辑的”，因为它声称存在矛盾——如同说一个圆是方形的。

The Evidential Problem of Evil – The sheer amount and unfair distribution of suffering make it unlikely that a loving God exists.

恶的证据问题 —— 苦难的数量之大与分布之不公，使得慈爱的上帝存在的可能性变得很低。

Memory: ‘Evidential’ points to the evidence of horrific suffering all around us.

记忆：“证据”指向我们身边恐怖苦难的证据。

Theodicy – An attempt to justify God’s goodness despite the presence of evil (e.g., free will defence, soul-making theodicy).

神义论 —— 在恶存在的情况下为上帝的良善辩护的尝试（如自由意志辩护、灵魂塑造神义论）。

Memory: ‘Theo’ = God + ‘dike’ = justice; so it is about making God’s justice clear.

记忆：’Theo’ = 上帝 + ‘dike’ = 正义；因此是关于阐明上帝正义的学问。

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3. Revelation and Religious Experience | 启示与宗教体验

General Revelation – God making himself known through nature, conscience and the moral law, available to all people.

一般启示 —— 上帝通过自然、良心和道德律向所有人显现自己。

Memory: ‘General’ means available generally, like a public broadcast.

记忆：“一般”意指普遍可得，就像公共广播一样。

Special Revelation – God revealing himself directly to individuals or groups through events, visions, scripture or prophets.

特殊启示 —— 上帝通过事件、异象、经文或先知直接向个人或群体启示自己。

Memory: ‘Special’ – like a private message sent directly to your phone.

记忆：“特殊”——如同直接发送到你手机上的私密信息。

Numinous Experience – A feeling of awe, wonder and mystery in the presence of a greater power, as described by Rudolf Otto.

神秘体验 —— 如鲁道夫·奥托所描述，面对更高力量时产生的敬畏、惊奇与奥秘感。

Memory: ‘Numinous’ sounds like ‘illuminous’ – a light that fills you with awe.

记忆：’Numinous’ 发音类似 ‘illuminous’——一种令你充满敬畏的光。

Mystical Experience – A direct, personal experience of union with the divine, often described as ineffable and noetic.

神秘主义体验 —— 与神合一的直接个人体验，通常被描述为不可言喻且带来深刻洞见。

Memory: ‘Mystical’ – think of a mystic who feels one with the universe.

记忆：“神秘主义”——想象一位感到与宇宙合一的密契者。

Conversion Experience – A dramatic or gradual change in a person’s beliefs and life direction, often seen as an encounter with God.

皈依体验 —— 个人信仰与人生方向上的剧烈或渐进的改变，常被视为与上帝相遇。

Memory: ‘Conversion’ means to turn around; like turning from darkness to light.

记忆：“皈依”意为转身；就像从黑暗转向光明。

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4. Life after Death | 死后生命

Dualism – The belief that the mind (soul) and body are separate substances; the soul can survive bodily death.

二元论 —— 相信心灵（灵魂）与身体是分离的实体；灵魂能在肉体死亡后继续存在。

Memory: ‘Dual’ means two; think of a driver (soul) and a car (body).

记忆：’Dual’ 意为二；想象驾驶员（灵魂）与汽车（身体）。

Materialism – The belief that only physical matter exists; consciousness is a product of brain activity, so there is no life after death.

唯物主义 —— 相信只有物质存在；意识是大脑活动的产物，因此没有死后生命。

Memory: ‘Material’ – nothing exists except material stuff; no ghost in the machine.

记忆：“物质”——除了物质之外别无他物；机器中没有幽灵。

Resurrection – The religious belief that after death, God will raise the body and reunite it with the soul in a transformed state.

复活 —— 宗教信念，认为死后上帝将使身体复活并与灵魂重新结合，进入一种转变后的状态。

Memory: ‘Re-‘ + ‘surrection’ (rising) – rising again; like a phoenix.

记忆：’Re-‘ + ‘surrection’（升起）——再次升起；像凤凰涅槃。

Reincarnation – The belief that after death the soul is reborn into a new body, common in Hinduism and Buddhism.

轮回 —— 相信死后灵魂投生到一个新的身体中，常见于印度教和佛教。

Memory: ‘Re-incarn’ = again in flesh; think of a soul changing clothes.

记忆：’Re-incarn’ = 再次进入肉体；想象灵魂更换衣服。

Judgement – The belief that after death

Published by TutorHao | Year 11 哲学 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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