Year 11 Edexcel Physics: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 11 Edexcel 物理：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 11 Edexcel Physics: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 11 Edexcel 物理：核心知识点梳理

This article provides a structured summary of the essential concepts and formulas for Year 11 Edexcel IGCSE Physics. By reviewing these topics—from motion and forces to waves, electricity, and nuclear physics—you will gain a solid foundation for exam success. Each section pairs English explanations with Chinese translations to support bilingual learners.

本文系统梳理了 Year 11 Edexcel IGCSE 物理的核心知识点和公式。通过复习运动、力、波、电学、核物理等主题，你将打下坚实的考试基础。每个部分均提供英文解释与中文翻译，帮助双语学习者理解。

1. Motion | 运动学

Motion is described using quantities such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Scalar quantities have magnitude only, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.

运动用位移、速度和加速度等物理量描述。标量只有大小，矢量既有大小又有方向。

On a distance-time graph, the gradient represents speed. On a velocity-time graph, the gradient gives acceleration, and the area under the graph equals the displacement travelled.

在距离-时间图中，斜率表示速率；在速度-时间图中，斜率表示加速度，图线下的面积表示位移。

v = u + at

This equation calculates final velocity v after time t, given initial velocity u and constant acceleration a.

该方程用于在已知初速度 u 和恒定加速度 a 的情况下，计算 t 时间后的末速度 v。

s = ut + ½at²

This gives the displacement s when an object accelerates uniformly from velocity u for time t.

该方程给出物体从速度 u 开始，以匀加速运动 t 时间后的位移 s。

v² = u² + 2as

This equation links final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement without involving time.

该方程将末速度、初速度、加速度和位移联系在一起，不涉及时间。

s = ½(u + v)t

This equation uses the average velocity to find displacement, especially useful when acceleration is constant.

该方程利用平均速度求位移，当加速度恒定时特别有用。

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2. Forces, Moments and Pressure | 力、力矩与压强

Newton’s first law states an object remains at rest or moves at constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force. Newton’s second law relates resultant force F, mass m, and acceleration a.

牛顿第一定律指出，除非受到合外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。牛顿第二定律将合外力 F、质量 m 和加速度 a 关联起来。

F = ma

Resultant force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (m/s²).

合外力（牛）= 质量（千克）× 加速度（米/秒²）。

Newton’s third law says that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Weight W is the gravitational pull on a mass and is calculated using W = mg, where g is the gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg on Earth).

牛顿第三定律指出每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。重量 W 是地球对物体的引力，由 W = mg 计算，g 为引力场强（地球上约为 9.8 N/kg）。

The moment (turning effect) of a force about a pivot is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot. For an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.

力对支点的力矩等于力与支点到力作用线垂直距离的乘积。物体平衡时，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。

moment = F × d

Pressure is defined as force per unit area. In liquids, pressure increases with depth and density.

压强定义为单位面积上的力。液体中的压强随深度和密度增加而增大。

P = F / A

Hooke’s law states the extension x of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force F, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. The spring constant k indicates stiffness.

胡克定律指出，在弹性限度内，弹簧的伸长量 x 与施加的外力 F 成正比。弹簧常数 k 表示弹簧的刚度。

F = kx

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3. Momentum and Impulse | 动量与冲量

Momentum p is a vector quantity defined as the product of mass and velocity. In a closed system, total momentum is conserved during collisions or explosions.

动量 p 是矢量，定义为质量与速度的乘积。在封闭系统中，碰撞或爆炸前后的总动量守恒。

p = mv

The impulse of a force is the force multiplied by the time for which it acts, which equals the change in momentum.

冲量是力与作用时间的乘积，等于动量的变化量。

impulse = FΔt = Δp

Safety features like seat belts and airbags increase the stopping time, reducing the force experienced by passengers and therefore reducing injury.

安全带和安全气囊等安全装置通过延长停止时间，减小乘客承受的力，从而减少伤害。

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4. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another. Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction of the force.

能量既不会凭空产生也不会凭空消失，只会从一种形式转化为另一种形式。力使物体沿力的方向移动时做功。

W = Fd

Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, and gravitational potential energy is the energy stored due to an object’s height above the ground.

动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量，重力势能是物体由于被举高而存储的能量。

KE = ½mv²

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