Year 11 Eduqas Chemistry: Glossary Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 化学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 Eduqas Chemistry: Glossary Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 化学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the crucial terminology is the first step to excelling in your Eduqas GCSE Chemistry exams. This quick revision guide compiles essential terms across all major topics, presented in bite-sized, bilingual explanations to solidify your understanding and memory.

掌握关键术语是你在 Eduqas GCSE 化学考试中取得优异成绩的第一步。这份速记指南汇编了所有主要专题的基本术语，以简洁的双语解释呈现，巩固你的理解和记忆。

1. Atomic Structure & Subatomic Particles | 原子结构与亚原子粒子

An atom is the smallest part of an element that can take part in chemical reactions. It consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells.

原子是能够参与化学反应的元素的最小部分。它由包含质子和中子的原子核以及核外分层排布的电子组成。

A proton has a relative mass of 1 and a charge of +1. A neutron has a mass of 1 and no charge. An electron has a negligible mass (1/1836) and a charge of –1.

质子相对质量为1，带一个单位正电荷。中子质量为1，不带电。电子质量极小（约为质子的1/1836），带一个单位负电荷。

The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus, which defines the element. The mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons.

原子序数（Z）是原子核中的质子数，决定了元素的种类。质量数（A）是质子数与中子数的总和。

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have identical chemical properties but different physical properties.

同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子。它们的化学性质相同，但物理性质可能不同。

The relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) is the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom, taking into account the relative abundances of isotopes.

相对原子质量（Aᵣ）是元素的一个原子的平均质量与一个碳-12原子质量的1/12的比值，计入了同位素的相对丰度。

An ion is a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. A cation is a positively charged ion (lost electrons), while an anion is negatively charged (gained electrons).

离子是原子得到或失去电子形成的带电粒子。阳离子是带正电的离子（失去电子），阴离子是带负电的离子（得到电子）。

Electrons occupy specific energy levels (shells). The first shell holds up to 2 electrons, the second and third shells hold up to 8 each (for the first 20 elements). Electronic configuration is written, e.g., 2.8.1 for sodium.

电子占据特定的能级（电子层）。第一层最多容纳2个电子，第二层和第三层最多容纳8个电子（前20号元素）。电子排布写作如钠的2.8.1。

2. The Periodic Table & Trends | 元素周期表与趋势

The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements in the same group (vertical column) have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of outer-shell electrons.

元素周期表按原子序数递增排列。同一族（纵列）的元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们的最外层电子数相同。

Group 1 elements are the alkali metals. They are soft, highly reactive metals that react vigorously with water to form alkaline solutions and hydrogen gas. Reactivity increases down the group.

第1族元素是碱金属。它们质软，化学性质非常活泼，与水剧烈反应生成碱性溶液和氢气。活泼性沿族往下增强。

Group 7 elements are the halogens. They exist as diatomic molecules (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂) and become darker and less reactive down the group. A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive one from its salt solution.

第7族元素是卤素。它们以双原子分子存在（F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂），颜色逐渐加深，活泼性沿族往下减弱。更活泼的卤素能从盐溶液中置换出较不活泼的卤素。

Group 0 (or 8) are the noble gases. They are monatomic, colourless, and very unreactive because they have a full outer shell of electrons (stable octet).

第0族（或第8族）是稀有气体。它们是单原子的，无色，极不活泼，因为它们具有稳定的全满外层电子排布（稳定八隅体）。

Transition metals (between Groups 2 and 3) are typical metals: hard, strong, high melting points, can form coloured compounds, and act as good catalysts.

过渡金属（位于第2族和第3族之间）是典型金属：硬度大，强度高，熔点高，能形成有色化合物，并可用作优良的催化剂。

Mnemonic for diatomic molecules: ‘Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer’ – H₂, N₂, F₂, O₂, I₂, Cl₂, Br₂.

记忆双原子分子的口诀：Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer，代表H₂, N₂, F₂, O₂, I₂, Cl₂, Br₂。

3. Chemical Bonding & Structure | 化学键与结构

Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non

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