Year 11 Eduqas Politics: Key Terms & Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 Eduqas Politics: Key Terms & Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your rapid revision guide for Year 11 Eduqas Politics. This resource breaks down essential political terms into clear, exam-friendly definitions. Each term is presented in English and Chinese to strengthen bilingual understanding and help you recall key concepts quickly in writing and discussion.

欢迎使用 Year 11 Eduqas 政治词汇速记指南。本资源将核心政治术语分解为清晰、符合考试要求的定义。每个术语均以英中双语呈现，帮助你强化双语理解，在写作和讨论中快速回忆关键概念。

1. Democracy and Political Participation | 民主与政治参与

Democracy – a political system where citizens hold power, either directly or through freely elected representatives, and the government is accountable to the people.

民主 – 一种政治制度，公民通过直接或自由选举的代表掌握权力，政府对人民负责。

Direct democracy – a form of democracy in which citizens vote on laws and policies themselves, without intermediaries. A modern example is a referendum.

直接民主 – 一种民主形式，公民自己对法律与政策进行投票，无需中介。现代例子是全民公投。

Representative democracy – a system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK is a representative democracy.

代议制民主 – 公民选举代表代其决策的制度。英国是代议制民主国家。

Political participation – the range of activities through which people express their opinions and try to influence government, such as voting, protesting, or joining a party.

政治参与 – 人们表达意见并试图影响政府的一系列活动，例如投票、抗议或加入政党。

Referendum – a direct vote by the electorate on a single political question. In the UK, referendums are used for major constitutional issues, like the 2016 EU referendum.

全民公投 – 选民就单一政治问题进行的直接投票。英国在重大宪法议题上使用公投，例如 2016 年脱欧公投。

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2. The Constitution and Parliament | 宪法与议会

Constitution – a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. It outlines the powers of institutions and the rights of citizens.

宪法 – 治理国家所依据的一套基本原则或既定先例。它规定了机构权力与公民权利。

Uncodified constitution – a constitution where the rules are not written in a single document. The UK has an uncodified constitution, sourced from statutes, common law, and conventions.

不成文宪法 – 规则未写入单一文件的宪法。英国拥有不成文宪法，源于成文法、普通法和惯例。

Parliamentary sovereignty – the principle that Parliament is the supreme legal authority in the UK, capable of creating or ending any law. No other body can override legislation passed by Parliament.

议会主权 – 议会是英国最高法律权威的原则，可制定或废除任何法律。没有其他机构可以推翻议会通过的立法。

House of Commons – the lower house of the UK Parliament, whose members (MPs) are directly elected by the public in general elections. It is the primary legislative chamber.

下议院 – 英国议会下院，议员由公众在大选中直接选举产生。它是主要的立法机构。

House of Lords – the upper house of Parliament, made up of appointed life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers. It scrutinises and revises legislation but cannot permanently block laws passed by the Commons.

上议院 – 议会上院，由任命终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成。它审核和修改立法，但不能永久阻止下议院通过的法律。

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3. The Executive and Government | 行政分支与政府

Executive – the branch of government responsible for implementing laws and running the country. In the UK, it includes the Prime Minister, Cabinet, and civil service.

行政分支 – 负责执行法律和管理国家的政府部门。在英国，它包括首相、内阁和公务员系统。

Cabinet – a group of senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister to lead government departments and make major policy decisions.

内阁 – 由首相选出的高级部长组成，负责领导政府部门并制定重大政策决策。

Prime Minister – the head of the UK government, usually the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons. They appoint ministers and set government direction.

首相 – 英国政府首脑，通常是下议院席位最多的政党领袖。他们任命部长并确定政府方向。

Civil service – the permanent, politically neutral body of officials who support the government in developing and implementing policies. Civil servants remain in post when governments change.

公务员系统 – 永久、政治中立的官员群体，支持政府制定和实施政策。公务员在政府更迭时留任。

Government department – a specialised organisation, such as the Home Office or Department for Education, responsible for a specific area of public policy and administration.

政府部门 – 专门机构，例如内政部或教育部，负责特定领域的公共政策和行政。

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4. The Judiciary and the Rule of Law | 司法与法治

Judiciary – the branch of government made up of judges and courts that interprets and applies the law. It is independent of the executive and legislature.

司法机构 – 由法官和法院组成的政府部门，负责解释和适用法律。它独立于行政和立法机关。

Rule of law – the principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and that laws should be fair, applied equally, and protect fundamental rights.

法治 – 一项原则，即包括政府在内的所有人都受法律约束，法律应公平、平等适用并保护基本权利。

Judicial independence – the concept that judges must be free from political interference. In the UK, security of tenure and fixed salaries help maintain this independence.

司法独立 – 法官必须不受政治干涉的概念。在英国，职位保障和固定薪酬有助于维持这种独立。

Supreme Court – the highest court in the UK, established in 2009. It hears appeals on points of law and determines constitutional matters, including human rights issues.

最高法院 – 英国最高级别的法院，成立于 2009 年。它审理法律问题的上诉并裁决宪法事项，包括人权议题。

Judicial review – a court process by which a judge examines the lawfulness of a decision or action taken by a public body. If found unlawful, the decision can be quashed.

司法复核 – 法院审查公共机构决策或行动合法性的程序。若被裁定违法，该决定可被撤销。

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5. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度

General election – a nationwide election in which voters elect Members of Parliament for every constituency. In the UK, a general election usually takes place every five years.

大选 – 全国范围的选举，选民为每个选区选举国会议员。在英国，大选通常每五年举行一次。

First-past-the-post – the electoral system used for UK general elections, where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins a seat. It tends to produce strong, single-party governments.

简单多数制 – 英国大选使用的选举制度，每个选区得票最高的候选人赢得席位。它容易产生强势的单党政府。

Proportional representation – an electoral system that allocates seats in proportion to the number of votes each party receives. It is used for Scottish Parliament and Welsh Senedd elections but not for Westminster.

比例代表制 – 按各政党得票比例分配席位的选举制度。苏格兰议会和威尔士议会的选举使用此制，但威斯敏斯特不使用。

Electorate – all the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election. In the UK, the electorate includes citizens aged 18 and over who are registered to vote.

选民群体 – 在一个国家或地区内有权在选举中投票的所有人。英国选民包括年满 18 岁且已登记的公民。

By-election – an election held in a single constituency to fill a vacancy that has arisen between general elections, for example when an MP resigns or dies.

补选 – 在单议席选区举行的选举，以填补两次大选之间出现的空缺，例如议员辞职或去世时。

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6. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态

Political party – an organised group of people with similar political aims and opinions, seeking to influence public policy by getting its candidates elected to public office.

政党 – 有组织的团体，持有相似的政治目标和意见，通过让其候选人当选公职来影响公共政策。

Left-wing – a political stance that generally supports social equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive reforms. The Labour Party is often described as centre-left.

左翼 – 通常支持社会平等、政府对经济的干预和进步改革的政治立场。工党常被描述为中左翼。

Right-wing – a political stance that typically emphasises individual freedom, limited government, free markets, and traditional values. The Conservative Party is traditionally right-wing.

右翼 – 通常强调个人自由、有限政府、自由市场和传统价值观的政治立场。保守党传统上是右翼。

Manifesto – a public declaration of policies and aims issued by a political party before an election. It sets out what the party promises to do if it forms a government.

竞选宣言 – 政党在选举前发布的政策与目标公开声明。它列明政党若组成政府将承诺做什么。

Opposition – the largest party not in government, which challenges the ruling party and holds it to account. In the UK, the Official Opposition receives parliamentary time and resources.

反对党 – 未参与政府的最大政党，它挑战执政党并追究其责任。在英国，官方反对党获得议会时间和资源。

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7. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府

Devolution – the transfer of certain powers from the central government to regional or national governments, while the UK Parliament remains sovereign. Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have devolved administrations.

权力下放 – 中央政府将某些权力移交给地区性或国家性政府，而英国议会仍保持主权。苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰拥有下放行政机构。

Devolved powers – policy areas such as health, education, and transport that have been transferred to devolved bodies. Reserved powers, like defence and foreign affairs, remain with Westminster.

下放权力 – 已移交给下放机构的政策领域，如卫生、教育和交通。保留权力，如国防和外交，仍由威斯敏斯特行使。

Scottish Parliament – the devolved legislature for Scotland, established in 1999, with authority over devolved matters and the ability to vary income tax rates.

苏格兰议会 – 苏格兰的下放立法机构，成立于 1999 年，对下放事务拥有权力，并可调整所得税税率。

Local council – an elected body responsible for providing local services such as waste collection, social care, and planning. Councillors are elected in local elections.

地方议会 – 民选机构，负责提供垃圾收集、社会照护和规划等地方服务。议员在地方选举中产生。

Mayor – the elected head of a town, city, or combined authority. Some areas have directly elected mayors with extra powers, like the Mayor of London.

市长 – 城镇、城市或联合当局的民选首长。一些地区设有直选市长并拥有额外权力，如伦敦市长。

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8. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任

Human rights – basic rights and freedoms to which all people are entitled, such as the right to life, freedom of expression, and the right to a fair trial. They are protected by international law and the Human Rights Act.

人权 – 所有人均享有的基本权利和自由，例如生命权、表达自由和公平审判权。它们受国际法和《人权法》保护。

Human Rights Act 1998 – a UK law that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic legislation, allowing British courts to hear human rights cases without going to Strasbourg.

1998 年人权法 – 将《欧洲人权公约》纳入国内立法的英国法律，使英国法院可直接审理人权案件，无需诉至斯特拉斯堡。

Responsibilities – the duties citizens are expected to perform in return for their rights, such as obeying the law, paying taxes, serving on a jury if called, and respecting the rights of others.

责任 – 公民作为其权利的回报应履行的义务，例如遵守法律、纳税、在接到召唤时担任陪审员并尊重他人权利。

Discrimination – treating a person or group unfairly on the grounds of a protected characteristic such as race, gender, disability, or religion. The Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination in many areas.

歧视 – 因种族、性别、残疾或宗教等受保护特征而对个人或群体进行不公平对待。《2010 年平等法》禁止许多领域的歧视。

Freedom of expression – the right to hold opinions and to receive and impart information without interference by public authority. It is a qualified right, meaning it can be limited for national security or public safety.

表达自由 – 持有意见、接受和传播信息而不受公共当局干涉的权利。这是一项有限制的权利，可因国家安全或公共安全受限制。

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9. Media and Public Opinion | 媒体与舆论

Media – channels of communication that reach large audiences, including television, radio, newspapers, and online platforms. The media plays a key role in informing citizens and holding government to account.

媒体 – 传达广大受众的传播渠道，包括电视、广播、报纸和网络平台。媒体在告知公民和问责政府方面起关键作用。

Free press – the principle that the media should be able to report news without government censorship or interference, essential for a functioning democracy. The UK has a free but self-regulated press.

新闻自由 – 媒体应能在没有政府审查或干涉的情况下报道新闻的原则，这是民主运作的必要条件。英国拥有自由但受自我监管的新闻业。

Public opinion – the views held by the general population on political issues. Politicians and parties use opinion polls to gauge public opinion and tailor their messages.

舆论 – 公众对政治议题所持有的看法。政客和政党利用民意调查来测量舆论并调整其信息。

Opinion poll – a survey of a sample of voters designed to predict election outcomes or understand public attitudes. Polls influence media coverage and party strategies.

民意调查 – 对选民样本的调查，旨在预测选举结果或了解公众态度。民调影响媒体报道和政党策略。

Social media – digital platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram that enable users to create and share content. Social media has increased political engagement but also raised concerns about misinformation.

社交媒体 – 如 Twitter、Facebook 和 Instagram 等使用户能够创造和分享内容的数字平台。社交媒体增加了政治参与，但也引发了对错误信息的担忧。

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10. International Relations and Global Governance | 国际关系与全球治理

United Nations – an international organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation. Most countries are members, and its bodies include the General Assembly and Security Council.

联合国 – 成立于 1945 年的国际组织，旨在促进和平、安全与合作。大多数国家是其会员，机构包括联合国大会和安全理事会。

European Union – a political and economic union of 27 European countries. The UK left the EU in 2020, but the EU remains a major trading partner and influences many areas of law and policy.

欧洲联盟 – 由 27 个欧洲国家组成的政治经济联盟。英国于 2020 年脱离欧盟，但欧盟仍然是重要的贸易伙伴并影响许多法律和政策领域。

NATO – the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949. Member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by an external party.

北大西洋公约组织 – 成立于 1949 年的军事同盟。成员国同意在遭受外部攻击时进行集体防御。

Globalisation – the process by which businesses, cultures, and governments become increasingly interconnected across national borders. It affects trade, migration, environmental policy, and political decision-making.

全球化 – 企业、文化和政府之间跨越国界日益相互联系的过程。它影响贸易、移民、环境政策和政治决策。

Sovereignty – the authority of a state to govern itself without external interference. In the UK, parliamentary sovereignty can be challenged by international agreements, though Parliament can still repeal them in theory.

主权 – 国家在没有外部干涉的情况下自我治理的权力。在英国，议会主权可能受到国际协定的挑战，但理论上议会仍可废除这些协定。

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Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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