📚 Year 11 OCR Computer Science: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 年份11 OCR 计算机科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terms is the first step towards exam success in OCR GCSE Computer Science. This guide presents essential vocabulary in logical groups, with concise explanations in both English and Chinese to strengthen your active recall and understanding.
掌握关键术语是 OCR 中等教育普通证书计算机科学考试成功的第一步。本指南将核心词汇按主题分组，并用英中双语提供简明解释，帮助你强化主动回忆与理解。
1. Algorithms and Computational Thinking | 算法与计算思维
Algorithm – A precise, step-by-step sequence of instructions designed to solve a problem or perform a task. It must be unambiguous, terminate after a finite number of steps, and produce a correct output for every valid input.
算法 – 为解决问题或执行任务而设计的一系列精确、步骤化的指令。算法必须明确无歧义，在有限步骤后终止，并对每一个有效输入都能给出正确的输出。
Abstraction – The process of filtering out unnecessary detail so that you can focus on the aspects of a problem that are relevant to the solution. In computer science, abstraction allows us to represent complex systems by using simplified models.
抽象化 – 过滤掉不必要的细节，以便专注于与解决方案相关的核心方面。在计算机科学中，抽象化让我们能够通过简化模型来表示复杂系统。
Decomposition – Breaking a large, complex problem down into smaller, more manageable sub-problems. Each sub-problem can then be tackled independently, making the overall task easier to understand and solve.
分解 – 将一个庞大复杂的问题分解为更小、更易于管理的子问题。每个子问题可以独立处理，从而使整体任务更易理解和解决。
Pattern Recognition – Identifying common characteristics, similarities, or recurring patterns among sub-problems or within data. Recognising patterns helps reuse existing solutions and predict outcomes more efficiently.
模式识别 – 识别子问题间或数据中的共同特征、相似性或反复出现的模式。识别模式有助于更高效地复用已有解决方案并预判结果。
2. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable – A named storage location in memory whose value can change during program execution. Every variable has a data type (e.g. integer, string) that determines what kind of data it can hold.
变量 – 内存中的一个被命名的存储位置，其值在程序执行过程中可以发生改变。每个变量都有一个数据类型（如整数、字符串），规定了它可以存放的数据种类。
Constant – A value that is set once and never modified while the program runs. Constants improve code readability and make programs easier to maintain because their meaning is clear and they cannot be overwritten by accident.
常量 – 在程序运行期间一经设定便不再被修改的值。常量可提高代码可读性，并使程序更易于维护，因为其含义明确且不会被意外改写。
Selection – A programming construct that allows a program to choose different paths of execution based on whether a condition evaluates to true or false. The most common selection statements are if, else if and switch.
选择结构 – 一种编程结构，允许程序根据条件判断的真假来执行不同的代码路径。最常见的选择语句有 if、else if 和 switch。
Iteration – Repeating a section of code multiple times. Iteration can be count-controlled (e.g. for loops) or condition-controlled (e.g. while and do...while loops). It helps avoid writing the same code repeatedly.
迭代 – 重复执行某段代码多次。迭代可分为计数控制（如 for 循环）和条件控制（如 while 和 do...while 循环）。它能避免反复编写相同的代码。
3. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary – A base-2 number system that uses only the digits 0 and 1. All data inside a computer – numbers, text, images, sound – is ultimately represented as patterns of binary digits (bits).
二进制 – 一种基数为 2 的数字系统，只使用 0 和 1 两个数码。计算机内部的所有数据——数字、文本、图像、声音——最终都以二进制位（比特）的模式表示。
Denary (Decimal) – The base-10 number system that people use in everyday life, consisting of the digits 0–9. Conversions between binary and denary are fundamental for understanding how computers store numbers.
十进制 – 人们日常生活中使用的基数为 10 的数字系统，由数码 0–9 组成。二进制与十进制之间的互相转换是理解计算机如何存储数字的基础。
Hexadecimal – A base-16 number system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F (representing values 10–15). Hexadecimal is used by humans to represent long binary numbers more compactly and is common in colour codes and memory addresses.
十六进制 – 一种基数为 16 的数字系统，使用数码 0–9 和字母 A–F（分别代表 10–15）。人们用十六进制来更紧凑地表示长二进制数，在颜色代码和内存地址中非常常见。
Character Set – A defined list of characters recognised by computer hardware and software. Examples include ASCII (7-bit, 128 characters) and Unicode (supports many languages and symbols). Each character is assigned a unique binary code.
字符集 – 一个由计算机硬件和软件所识别的、预先定义好的字符列表。例如 ASCII（7 位，128 个字符）和 Unicode（支持多种语言和符号）。每个字符都被分配一个唯一的二进制代码。
4. Computer Systems and Hardware | 计算机系统与硬件
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – The brain of the computer that carries out instructions from programs. Its main components are the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and registers. The CPU operates in a continuous fetch-decode-execute cycle.
中央处理器 (CPU) – 计算机的大脑，负责执行程序指令。其主要组成部分包括控制单元 (CU)、算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 和寄存器。CPU 按照取指–译码–执行的周期持续工作。
Clock Speed – Measured in gigahertz (GHz), clock speed indicates how many fetch-decode-execute cycles a processor can complete per second. A higher clock speed generally means faster instruction processing, but other factors also affect overall performance.
时钟速度 – 以吉赫兹 (GHz) 为单位，表示处理器每秒可以完成多少个取指–译码–执行周期。时钟速度越高通常意味着指令处理越快，但其他因素也会影响整体性能。
Embedded System – A computer system with a dedicated function built into a larger device. Embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers, have limited resources, and are designed to perform a single task reliably (e.g. microwave oven controller, car engine management).
嵌入式系统 – 内嵌在更大设备中的、具有专用功能的计算机系统。嵌入式系统通常基于微控制器，资源有限，并被设计用于可靠地执行单一任务（如微波炉控制器、汽车发动机管理）。
Von Neumann Architecture – A computer architecture where both program instructions and data share the same memory and data bus. This design simplifies hardware but can create a bottleneck because instructions and data compete for the same pathway.
冯·诺依曼架构 – 一种计算机体系结构，程序指令与数据共享同一内存和数据总线。这种设计简化了硬件，但由于指令和数据竞争同一条通路，可能产生瓶颈。
5. Memory and Storage | 存储器与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Volatile primary memory that temporarily holds data and instructions the CPU is currently using. Contents are lost when the power is turned off. More RAM allows more programs and data to be held simultaneously, improving multitasking.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) – 易失性主存储器，暂时存放 CPU 当前正在使用的数据和指令。断电后内容会丢失。RAM 越大，能同时运行的程序和存放的数据就越多，从而改善多任务处理能力。
ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Non-volatile memory that stores firmware and the BIOS/bootloader. It retains its contents even without power. Data in ROM cannot be easily modified, which makes it ideal for essential start-up instructions.
只读存储器 (ROM) – 非易失性存储器，存储固件和 BIOS/引导加载程序。即使断电也能保持内容。ROM 中的数据不易被修改，这使得它非常适合存放必要的启动指令。
Virtual Memory – A technique that uses part of secondary storage (e.g. hard disk or SSD) as if it were extra RAM when primary memory is full. It allows more programs to run, but is much slower than physical RAM and can cause disk thrashing.
虚拟内存 – 当主存已满时，将一部分辅助存储器（如硬盘或固态硬盘）当作额外 RAM 使用的技术。它允许运行更多程序，但速度远低于物理 RAM，并可能导致磁盘抖动。
Secondary Storage – Permanent storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD) and optical discs. They retain data when the power is off and are used for long-term file storage, backups and software installation.
辅助存储器 – 永久存储设备，如硬盘驱动器 (HDD)、固态硬盘 (SSD) 和光盘。断电后仍能保留数据，用于长期文件存储、备份和软件安装。
6. Networks and Protocols | 网络与协议
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network that covers a small geographical area, such as a single building or campus. LANs typically offer high data transfer speeds and use switches, routers and ethernet cables or Wi‑Fi to connect devices.
局域网 (LAN) – 覆盖较小地理区域的网络，如单栋建筑或校园。局域网通常提供高数据传输速度，并使用交换机、路由器以及以太网线缆或 Wi‑Fi 连接设备。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network spanning a large geographic area, often connecting multiple LANs over long distances. The largest WAN is the Internet. WANs rely on leased telecommunication lines, satellites or fibre-optic connections.
广域网 (WAN) – 跨越较大地理区域的网络，通常将多个局域网进行远距离连接。最大的广域网是因特网。广域网依赖租用的电信线路、卫星或光纤连接。
Protocol – A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received in a network. Common protocols include TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) for reliable data transfer, HTTP/HTTPS for web pages, and FTP for file transfers.
协议 – 一套管理网络中数据发送与接收方式的规则。常见协议包括用于可靠数据传输的 TCP/IP、用于网页的 HTTP/HTTPS，以及用于文件传输的 FTP。
Packet Switching – A method of data transmission where messages are broken into small packets, sent independently across a network, and reassembled at the destination. Each packet can take a different route, making the network more efficient and resilient.
分组交换 – 一种数据传输方法，将信息分割成小的数据包，在网络上独立发送，并在目的地重新组合。每个数据包可以走不同的路由，使网络更加高效且具有弹性。
7. Cybersecurity | 网络安全
Malware – Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to computer systems. Common types include viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware and spyware.
恶意软件 – 旨在破坏、扰乱或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。常见类型包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马、勒索软件和间谍软件。
Phishing – A social engineering attack where criminals send deceptive emails or messages pretending to be a trustworthy source to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information like passwords or bank details.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，犯罪分子伪装成可信来源发送欺诈性电子邮件或消息，诱骗收件人泄露密码或银行账户等敏感信息。
Encryption – The process of converting plaintext data into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, so that only authorised parties who possess the key can decipher and read it. Encryption protects confidentiality during storage and transmission.
加密 – 使用算法和密钥将明文数据转换为密文的过程，使得只有持有密钥的授权方才能解密并读取。加密在存储和传输过程中保护数据的机密性。
Firewall – A hardware or software system that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and an untrusted external network.
防火墙 – 一种硬件或软件系统，根据预定义的安全规则监控传入与传出的网络流量。它在可信内部网络与不可信外部网络之间充当屏障。
8. Ethical, Legal and Environmental Issues | 伦理、法律与环境问题
Data Protection Act (2018) / GDPR – Legislation that governs how personal data should be collected, stored and used. Key principles include: data must be processed lawfully, kept secure, accurate, used only for specified purposes, and not retained longer than necessary.
《数据保护法》(2018) / GDPR – 规范个人数据如何被收集、存储和使用的立法。其主要原则包括：数据必须合法处理、安全保管、保持准确、仅用于指定目的，且保留时间不得超过必要期限。
Computer Misuse Act (1990) – A UK law that makes it illegal to gain unauthorised access to computer material, to commit further offences such as data theft, or to impair computer operation, e.g. through spreading malware or denial-of-service attacks.
《计算机滥用法》(1990) – 英国法律，将未经授权访问计算机资料、从事数据盗窃等进一步犯罪，或通过传播恶意软件、拒绝服务攻击等方式妨碍计算机运行的行为定为非法。
E-waste – Discarded electronic devices such as old computers, phones and monitors. Improper disposal can release toxic materials into the environment. Responsible recycling and designing products for longer life help reduce e-waste.
电子垃圾 – 废弃的电子设备，如旧电脑、手机和显示器。不当处置会向环境中释放有毒物质。负责任的回收利用和设计更耐用的产品有助于减少电子垃圾。
9. Boolean Logic | 布尔逻辑
Logic Gate – An electronic circuit that performs a Boolean function on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary output. The basic gates are AND, OR and NOT.
逻辑门 – 对一路或多路二进制输入执行布尔运算、产生单一二进制输出的电子电路。基本门电路包括与门 (AND)、或门 (OR) 和非门 (NOT)。
AND Gate – Outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1. Its Boolean expression is Q = A · B. If any input is 0, the output is 0.
与门 – 仅当所有输入均为 1 时输出 1。其布尔表达式为 Q = A · B。任一输入为 0，输出即为 0。
OR Gate – Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1. Its Boolean expression is Q = A + B. The output is 0 only when all inputs are 0.
或门 – 当至少有一路输入为 1 时输出 1。其布尔表达式为 Q = A + B。只有所有输入同时为 0 时，输出才为 0。
Truth Table – A table that lists every possible combination of inputs for a logic circuit and shows the resulting output. It is used to verify the behaviour of logic gates and circuits.
真值表 – 列出逻辑电路所有可能输入组合并给出相应输出的表格。真值表用于验证逻辑门和电路的行为。
10. Software Development | 软件开发
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – A software application that provides comprehensive tools for writing, testing and debugging code. Typical features include a code editor with syntax highlighting, automatic indentation, a debugger, and build automation tools.
集成开发环境 (IDE) – 一类软件应用，为编写、测试和调试代码提供成套工具。典型功能包括带有语法高亮和自动缩进的代码编辑器、调试器以及构建自动化工具。
Compiler – A program that translates the entire high-level source code into machine code (or an intermediate form) in one go, producing an executable file. Compiled code usually runs faster but must be recompiled for different platforms.
编译器 – 将整个高级源代码一次性翻译为机器码（或中间形式）并生成可执行文件的程序。编译后的代码通常运行更快，但必须针对不同平台重新编译。
Interpreter – A program that translates and executes high-level source code line by line. Interpreters make debugging easier and programs more portable, but execution is generally slower than that of compiled code.
解释器 – 逐行翻译并执行高级源代码的程序。解释器使调试更容易、程序更具可移植性，但执行速度通常慢于编译代码。
11. Databases | 数据库
Database – A structured collection of data stored electronically. Relational databases organise data into tables of rows (records) and columns (fields), linked by keys, and are managed using SQL (Structured Query Language).
数据库 – 以电子方式存储的结构化数据集合。关系型数据库将数据组织为由行（记录）和列（字段）构成的表，并通过键建立连接，使用 SQL（结构化查询语言）进行管理。
Primary Key – A field (or combination of fields) that uniquely identifies each record in a table. No two records can share the same primary key value, and it cannot be null. For example, a student ID number.
主键 – 唯一标识表中每条记录的一个字段（或字段组合）。不允许两条记录拥有相同的主键值，且主键不能为空，例如学号。
Foreign Key – A field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. Foreign keys create relationships between tables and enforce referential integrity to ensure that records cannot be linked to non-existent keys.
外键 – 一张表中引用另一张表主键的字段。外键在表之间建立关系，并强制引用完整性，确保记录不会链接到不存在的主键上。
12. Exam Tips for Memorising Terminology | 考试术语记忆技巧
Active Recall – Instead of rereading notes, test yourself by covering definitions and trying to write or speak them from memory. Flashcards and spaced repetition apps are very effective for building long-term retention of technical terms.
主动回忆 – 不要反复翻看笔记，而是遮住定义，尝试凭记忆写出或说出它们。抽认卡和间隔重复应用对于建立技术术语的长期记忆非常有效。
Use Bilingual Links – When you learn a term in English, immediately connect it to its Chinese equivalent and vice versa. Building strong mental bridges between the two languages helps you access the definition quickly in an exam, especially under pressure.
使用双语链接 – 每学到一个英文术语，立即联系它的中文对应表达，反之亦然。在两种语言之间建立牢固的心理桥梁，有助于在考试压力下快速回忆定义。
Explain to Others – Try explaining a concept or definition to a classmate or family member. Teaching forces you to organise your thoughts clearly and reveals any gaps in your understanding.
向他人解释 – 尝试向同学或家人解释某个概念或定义。教学会迫使你清晰地组织思路，并暴露出理解上的任何空白。
Handwrite Key Terms – The physical act of writing terms and short definitions by hand improves memory encoding. Create a dedicated glossary and review it regularly, adding new terms as you progress through the syllabus.
手写关键术语 – 用手写下术语和简短定义的过程能改善记忆编码。建立一份专门的词汇表并定期复习，在学习过程中不断加入新术语。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导