Year 11 SQA Physical Education: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Reference Guide | SQA体育词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 SQA Physical Education: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Reference Guide | SQA体育词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential quick reference guide for SQA Physical Education at National 5 level. A strong command of subject-specific vocabulary can transform your exam answers, allowing you to analyse performance with precision and confidence. This bilingual English–Chinese resource breaks down the key terms you must know, grouped by topic and presented with simple definitions and memory aids. Use it regularly to reinforce your understanding and boost your revision efficiency.

欢迎使用SQA National 5体育词汇术语速记指南。掌握学科专有术语能彻底改变你的考试答卷质量，让你能够精准且自信地分析运动表现。这份中英双语资源按主题分类，梳理了你必须掌握的关键术语，并附有简明定义和记忆辅助。定期使用它来巩固理解，提升复习效率。

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1. Health and Skill-Related Fitness | 健康与技能相关体适能

In SQA PE, fitness is divided into two categories: health-related and skill-related components. You need to be able to define each component and explain its relevance to performance in different activities.

在SQA体育中，体适能被分为两类：健康相关和技能相关组成部分。你需要能够定义每个组成部分，并解释其在不同活动中的表现相关性。

English Term and Definition	中文术语及定义
Cardiovascular Endurance: ability of the heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to working muscles over a long period	心血管耐力：心脏和肺部长时间为工作肌肉输送氧气的能力
Muscular Endurance: ability of a muscle group to sustain repeated contractions without fatigue	肌肉耐力：某肌群在不疲劳的情况下维持重复收缩的能力
Muscular Strength: the maximum force a muscle can exert in a single effort	肌肉力量：肌肉在单次用力时能产生的最大力量
Flexibility: range of movement possible at a joint	柔韧性：关节的可能活动范围
Body Composition: proportion of fat, muscle and bone in the body	身体成分：体内脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的比例
Agility: ability to change direction quickly and under control	敏捷性：快速且受控地改变方向的能力
Balance: ability to maintain the body’s centre of mass over its base of support	平衡能力：将身体重心维持在支撑面的能力
Coordination: ability to use different body parts together smoothly and efficiently	协调性：流畅且高效地同时运用不同身体部位的能力
Power: combination of speed and strength (explosive strength)	爆发力：速度与力量的结合（爆发性力量）
Reaction Time: time taken to respond to a stimulus	反应时间：对刺激做出反应所需的时间
Speed: ability to move the body or body parts quickly	速度：快速移动身体或身体部位的能力

Memory trick: Think of ‘CMM FB’ for health-related and ‘ABC PRS’ for skill-related components to quickly recall all eleven terms.

记忆技巧：用“CMM FB”记忆健康相关部分，用“ABC PRS”记忆技能相关部分，可快速回忆全部十一个术语。

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2. Principles of Training (SPORT & FITT) | 训练原则（SPORT 与 FITT）

When designing a training programme, two key acronyms guide effective planning: SPORT and FITT. You must be able to explain each letter and apply the principles to a given performer.

在设计训练方案时，两个关键的首字母缩略词指导着有效计划：SPORT 和 FITT。你必须能解释每个字母的含义，并将这些原则应用于指定的运动员。

SPORT Principle	中文
Specificity – training must match the demands of the sport	专项性 – 训练必须贴合运动项目的要求
Progression – gradually increase workload to keep improving	渐进性 – 逐渐增加负荷以持续进步
Overload – work harder than normal to cause adaptation (FITT variables)	超负荷 – 比平时更努力训练以引发适应（通过FITT变量）
Reversibility – fitness deteriorates when training stops	可逆性 – 停止训练后体能水平下降
Tedium – boredom from repetitive training; vary activities	单调性 – 重复训练导致厌倦；需要变换活动

The FITT formula tells you how to apply overload: Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type. For example, to improve cardiovascular endurance, you might increase frequency to four sessions per week, raise intensity to 70–85% of maximum heart rate, extend time to 40 minutes, and choose continuous running as the type.

FITT公式告诉你如何施加超负荷：频率、强度、时间和类型。例如，为提高心血管耐力，你可将频率增加到每周四次，强度提升至最大心率的70%–85%，时间延长至40分钟，并选择持续跑步作为训练类型。

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3. Methods of Training | 训练方法

Different components of fitness require specific training methods. Knowing the method, the fitness it develops, and a practical example is vital for exam questions on programme design.

不同的体适能组成部分需要特定的训练方法。了解各种方法、其发展的体适能以及实际例子，对于方案设计类考题至关重要。

Training Method	Main Fitness Component	中文方法与用途
Continuous Training	Cardiovascular Endurance	持续训练 – 发展心血管耐力
Fartlek Training	Cardiovascular Endurance & Speed	法特莱克训练 – 发展心血管耐力与速度
Interval Training	Speed / Cardiovascular Endurance	间歇训练 – 发展速度或心血管耐力
Circuit Training	Muscular Endurance / Strength	循环训练 – 发展肌肉耐力或力量
Weight Training	Muscular Strength / Endurance	负重训练 – 发展肌肉力量或耐力
Plyometric Training	Power	超等长训练 – 发展爆发力
Flexibility Training (Static, Dynamic, PNF)	Flexibility	柔韧性训练（静态、动态、PNF） – 发展柔韧性

Quick association: ‘Fartlek’ means speed play in Swedish – think of it as a playful mixture of fast and slow running.

快速联想：“Fartlek”在瑞典语中意为速度游戏——可将其想象为快跑与慢跑的有趣混合。

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4. Skill Classification | 技能分类

All movement skills can be placed on a continuum between two extremes. Being precise with classification helps you justify why a practice method or feedback type is appropriate.

所有运动技能均可放置于两极之间的连续体上。精准分类有助于论证某种练习方法或反馈类型的合理性。

Continuum	Definition	中文连续体与定义
Open → Closed	Open skills are affected by the environment; closed skills are self-paced and stable.	开放性↔闭锁性：开放技能受环境影响；闭锁技能自定节奏且稳定
Gross → Fine	Gross skills use large muscle groups; fine skills use small muscle groups for precision.	粗大↔精细：粗大技能使用大肌群；精细技能使用小肌群以达到精确
Discrete → Continuous	Discrete skills have a clear beginning and end; continuous skills have no obvious start or finish.	分立↔连续：分立技能有明确的开始与结束；连续技能无明显起止
Self-paced → Externally paced	Self-paced skills are controlled by the performer; externally paced skills are controlled by outside factors.	自定节奏↔外部节奏：自定节奏由执行者控制；外部节奏由外界因素控制

Serial skills sit between discrete and continuous – they are a sequence of discrete movements put together, like a gymnastics routine.

序列技能介于分立与连续之间——由一系列分立动作组合而成，如一套体操动作。

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5. Information Processing | 信息加工

The information processing model explains how we make decisions during performance. At National 5, you use a basic input–decision-making–output–feedback loop. Understanding each stage helps you diagnose errors.

信息加工模型解释了我们如何在运动表现中做出决策。在National 5阶段，你使用基本的输入—决策—输出—反馈循环。理解各阶段有助于你诊断错误。

Input: Sensory information from the environment is received through vision, hearing and proprioception. A goalkeeper watching the flight of the ball is taking in input. Decision making: The brain interprets the information and selects a motor programme. The goalkeeper chooses to dive left. Output: The nerve impulses are sent to muscles to execute the chosen action. Feedback: Information about the outcome is received, either internally (how it felt) or externally (coach’s comment).

输入：来自环境的感觉信息通过视觉、听觉和本体感觉被接收。守门员观察皮球飞行的过程就是输入。决策：大脑解读信息并选择运动程序。守门员决定向左扑救。输出：神经冲动传递至肌肉以执行所选动作。反馈：接收到关于结果的信息，可以是内在的（自我感觉）或外在的（教练点评）。

Tip: Relate this to a video game – input is the controller signal, decision making is the console’s processor, output is the on-screen action, and feedback is the score or vibration.

记忆提示：将此与电子游戏类比——输入是手柄信号，决策是主机的处理器，输出是屏幕上的动作，反馈是得分或震动。

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6. Types of Feedback | 反馈类型

Feedback is essential for learning and improving performance. SQA expects you to distinguish between the main categories and to suggest which type suits a given performer.

反馈对学习和提高表现至关重要。SQA要求你区分主要类别，并针对特定运动员推荐合适的反馈类型。

Feedback Pair	English Explanation	中文解释
Intrinsic / Extrinsic	Intrinsic comes from within (how the movement felt); extrinsic comes from an outside source (coach, video).	内在↔外在：内在反馈来自自身（动作感觉）；外在反馈来自外部（教练、录像）
Knowledge of Performance (KP) / Knowledge of Results (KR)	KP focuses on the quality of the movement; KR focuses on the outcome of the action.	表现知识↔结果知识：KP关注动作质量；KR关注动作结果
Positive / Negative	Positive feedback highlights what was good; negative feedback points out errors and how to correct them.	积极↔消极：积极反馈强调做得好的地方；消极反馈指出错误及纠正方法
Concurrent / Terminal	Concurrent is given during the performance; terminal is given after the performance.	同步↔终末：同步反馈在运动过程中给出；终末反馈在运动结束后给出

When justifying your choice, link feedback to the learner’s stage: beginners often need more extrinsic, positive and terminal feedback, while experts can use intrinsic and concurrent information.

在论证选择时，将反馈与学习者所处阶段挂钩：初学者通常需要更多的外在、积极和终末反馈，而专家则能利用内在和同步信息。

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7. Goal Setting and Motivation | 目标设定与动机

Clear goals drive improvement. Learn the SMART acronym and the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to analyse a performer

Published by TutorHao | Year 11 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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