📚 Year 11 WJEC Accounting: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering accounting terminology is the first step towards exam success in Year 11 WJEC Accounting. This guide groups essential terms by topic and offers memorable tricks to help you recall them quickly. Each section pairs an English explanation with its Chinese equivalent, building a bilingual bridge for deeper understanding and faster revision.
掌握会计术语是 Year 11 WJEC 会计考试成功的第一步。本指南按主题梳理核心词汇，并提供了巧妙的记忆窍门，助你快速掌握。每个小节都采用英中配对讲解，在双语环境中加深理解，让复习更高效。
1. The Accounting Equation & Fundamental Terms | 会计等式与基础术语
Everything in double-entry bookkeeping hinges on the simple truth that a business’s resources must equal the claims on those resources. This is expressed as Assets = Liabilities + Capital. To remember the order, think “Alice Loves Chocolate”. In WJEC accounts you will also hear about drawings, income, and expenses that alter capital. Familiarity with these bedrock terms prevents confusion later.
复式记账的根本在于企业的资源必须等于对这些资源的要求权，即 资产 = 负债 + 资本。记忆窍门：“Alice Loves Chocolate”（Alice爱巧克力）。在 WJEC 会计中，你还将遇到提款、收益和费用等改变资本的词汇。吃透这些基础术语能避免后续混淆。
- Asset – A resource controlled by the business as a result of past events, from which future economic benefits are expected. 资产：企业因过去事项而控制的、预期能带来未来经济利益的资源。
- Liability – A present obligation arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of resources. 负债：由过去事项产生的现时义务，履行该义务预期会导致资源流出。
- Capital – The owner’s residual interest in the assets after deducting all liabilities. 资本：资产扣除所有负债后归属于所有者的剩余权益。
- Drawings – Money or goods taken out of the business by the owner for personal use. 提款：所有者从企业取走供个人使用的款项或货品。
2. Assets – What the Business Owns | 资产 – 企业拥有的一切
Assets are split into non-current (long-term) and current (short-term). Non-current assets, like premises and machinery, are held for more than one year. Current assets, such as trade receivables and inventory, will be converted into cash within 12 months. A quick reminder using the first letters: CBDI – Cash, Bank, Debtors (receivables), Inventory.
资产分为非流动资产（长期）和流动资产（短期）。非流动资产，如房地产和机器设备，使用年限超过一年。流动资产，如应收账款和存货，预计在12个月内变现。可以借助首字母 CBDI 记忆：现金（Cash）、银行存款（Bank）、债务人（Debtors，即应收账款）、存货（Inventory）。
- Non-current asset (fixed asset) – Held for continuing use in the business, not for resale. 非流动资产（固定资产）：为持续使用而非转售而持有的资产。
- Current asset – Expected to be sold, consumed or turned into cash within one year. 流动资产：预计在一年内出售、消耗或变现的资产。
- Trade receivables (debtors) – Customers who owe money for goods sold on credit. 应收账款（债务人）：因赊销而欠款的客户。
- Inventory (stock) – Goods purchased or produced for resale. 存货：为转售而购入或生产的货品。
3. Liabilities – What the Business Owes | 负债 – 企业的欠款
Liabilities are also divided by time. Any debt due within one year is a current liability; longer-term obligations are non-current. Trade payables (creditors) and bank overdrafts typify current liabilities, while a bank loan repayable over five years is non-current. A simple visual: think of the balance sheet ladder, where current liabilities sit near the bottom, just above the owner’s stake.
负债同样按期限划分。一年内到期的债务为流动负债，更长期的义务为非流动负债。应付账款（债权人）和银行透支是典型的流动负债，而五年期银行贷款则属于非流动负债。想象一张资产负债表阶梯：流动负债靠近底端，位于所有者权益之上。
- Current liability – A debt that must be settled within the next 12 months. 流动负债：须在12个月内清偿的债务。
- Non-current liability – A debt falling due after more than one year. 非流动负债：偿还期超过一年的债务。
- Trade payables (creditors) – Suppliers to whom the business owes money for purchases on credit. 应付账款（债权人）：因赊购而欠款的供应商。
- Bank overdraft – A flexible borrowing facility with a bank, repayable on demand. 银行透支：银行提供的可随时要求偿还的灵活借款。
4. Capital, Drawings & Owner’s Equity | 资本、提款与所有者权益
Capital represents the owner’s stake and grows with profit or shrinks with losses and drawings. Every time the owner takes money or goods for personal use, drawings reduce capital, not expenses. Remember the expanded equation: Closing Capital = Opening Capital + Profit (or − Loss) − Drawings. This is tested regularly in WJEC papers.
资本代表所有者的权益，利润使其增加，亏损和提款使其减少。每次所有者取走钱款或货品自用时，提款会直接减少资本，而非费用。记住扩展等式：期末资本 = 期初资本 + 利润（或 − 亏损） − 提款。这是 WJEC 考题中的常客。
- Capital introduced – Money or assets brought into the business by the owner. 投入资本：所有者投入企业的资金或资产。
- Drawings – Withdrawals of cash or stock for the owner’s private use. 提款：所有者提取现金或存货供私人使用。
- Owner’s equity – The residual value after all liabilities are deducted (same as capital in a sole trader). 所有者权益：扣除所有负债后的剩余价值（个体经营者等同于资本）。
5. Income, Revenue & Expenses | 收入、收益与费用
Income increases capital, and expenses decrease it. “Revenue” refers to sales of goods or services, while “other income” might include rent received or commission. Expenses are the costs of running the business, such as wages, rent, and electricity. The WJEC income statement separates gross profit from net profit by displaying cost of sales and then overheads.
收入增加资本，费用减少资本。“收益”（Revenue）指销售商品或服务的收入，“其他收益”可能包括租金收入或佣金。费用是经营业务的成本，如工资、租金和电费。WJEC 利润表通过展示销售成本再列支间接费用，将毛利与净利润分开。
- Revenue (sales) – Income from the main trading activity. 销售收入：主要经营活动带来的收入。
- Expense – A decrease in economic benefits during the accounting period. 费用：会计期间内经济利益的减少。
- Cost of sales – The direct cost of acquiring or making goods that were sold. 销售成本：已售商品直接相关的购入或生产成本。
- Gross profit – Revenue minus cost of sales. 毛利：销售收入减销售成本。
- Net profit – Gross profit minus all other expenses. 净利润：毛利减去所有其他费用。
6. Debtors and Creditors (Trade Receivables and Payables) | 债务人（应收账款）与债权人（应付账款）
The modern terms “trade receivables” and “trade payables” appear regularly in WJEC examinations, but “debtors” and “creditors” are still used. A debit balance on a customer’s account means they owe money; a credit balance on a supplier’s account means the business owes them. Mentally tag “Dr” to the person who owes you.
“应收账款”和“应付账款”是 WJEC 考试中常用的现代术语，但“债务人”和“债权人”仍会出现。客户账户有借方余额表示其欠款；供应商账户有贷方余额表示企业欠款。记牢：欠你钱的一方记借方。
- Trade receivable – A person or business that owes money for credit sales. 应收账款：因赊销欠款的个人或企业。
- Trade payable – A supplier to whom the business owes money for credit purchases. 应付账款：企业因赊购欠款的供应商。
- Bad debt – An amount owed that is unlikely to be collected. 坏账：预计无法收回的欠款。
- Provision for doubtful debts – An estimate of future bad debts, creating a reduction in trade receivables. 坏账准备：对未来坏账的估计，用于调减应收账款账面值。
7. Inventory, Purchases & Cost of Sales | 存货、采购与销售成本
In WJEC accounts, inventory (stock) flows through the trading account using the formula: Cost of Sales = Opening Inventory + Purchases − Closing Inventory. Purchases are debited to the purchases account, while inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. An easy chant: “Open plus buy, minus close, that’s your cost of goods.”
在 WJEC 会计中，存货通过进货账户流转，成本计算公式为：销售成本 = 期初存货 + 采购 − 期末存货。采购记入采购账户借方，存货按成本与可变现净值孰低计价。顺口溜记法：“期初加采购，减去期末剩，就是销售成本。”
Cost of Sales = Opening Inventory + Purchases − Closing Inventory
- Opening inventory – The stock held at the start of the financial period. 期初存货：会计期初持有的库存。
- Closing inventory – The unsold stock at the end of the period. 期末存货：期末尚未售出的库存。
- Purchases – Goods bought for resale (not for fixed assets). 采购：为转售而购入的商品（非固定资产）。
- Net realisable value (NRV) – Estimated selling price less any costs to complete and sell. 可变现净值：预计售价减去预计完成与销售成本。
8. Depreciation – Straight-Line & Reducing Balance | 折旧 – 直线法与余额递减法
Depreciation spreads the cost of a non-current asset over its useful life. The two WJEC methods are straight-line (equal amounts each year) and reducing balance (a fixed percentage of the carrying amount). Straight-line is simpler; reducing balance front-loads the expense. The formula for straight-line is: (Cost − Residual Value) ÷ Useful Life. No LaTeX needed, just a clean layout.
折旧将非流动资产成本在其使用寿命内分摊。WJEC 要求掌握两种方法：直线法（每年等额）和余额递减法（按固定百分比计提）。直线法较简单，余额递减法则早期计提较多折旧。直线法的公式为：（成本 − 残值）÷ 使用寿命。直接用清晰排版展示即可。
Straight-line = (Cost − Residual Value) ÷ Useful Life
Reducing Balance = Carrying Amount × Depreciation Rate (%)
- Residual value (scrap value) – The estimated amount the asset can be sold for at the end of its life. 残值：资产寿命结束时预计可变卖的金额。
- Carrying amount (net book value) – Cost less accumulated depreciation to date. 账面净值：成本减去累计折旧。
- Accumulated depreciation – The total depreciation charged on the asset since purchase. 累计折旧：自购入以来已计提的折旧总额。
9. The Trial Balance and Common Errors | 试算平衡表与常见错误
A trial balance lists all ledger balances to check that total debits equal total credits. Balancing does not guarantee error-free accounts; some errors do not affect the trial balance. WJEC often asks about errors of omission, commission, principle, original entry, complete reversal, and compensating errors. A handy table helps compare them.
试算平衡表列出所有分类账余额，以验证借方总额是否等于贷方总额。平衡并不代表账户无误；有些错误不影响试算表平衡。WJEC 经常考查遗漏错误、记账错误、原则性错误、原入账错误、完全反向和抵销错误。下面表格可帮助你对比。
| Error | Trial Balance Affected? | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Omission | No | Transaction not recorded at all. 漏记整笔交易。 |
| Commission | No | Entered in the wrong account of the same class. 记入同一类别的错误账户。 |
| Principle | No | An item posted to the wrong type of account (e.g. capital expense treated as revenue). 违反会计原则的错误归类。 |
| Original entry | No | Wrong amount entered in both accounts. 原单据金额错，双方等额错记。 |
| Complete reversal | No | Debit and credit entries swapped. 借贷方向完全相反。 |
| Compensating | No | Two unrelated errors cancel each other. 两个无关错误相互抵销。 |
10. Final Accounts: Income Statement & Statement of Financial Position | 财务报表：利润表与财务状况表
Year 11 WJEC requires preparation of an income statement (trading and profit & loss account) and a statement of financial position (balance sheet). The income statement shows gross profit, then net profit; the statement of financial position lists assets, liabilities and capital at a point in time. Linking them is the principle of accruals and the closing inventory adjustment.
Year 11 WJEC 要求考生编制利润表（进销表及损益表）和财务状况表（资产负债表）。利润表先展示毛利，再展示净利润；财务状况表列示某一时点的资产、负债和资本。将两者联系起来的是应计制原则和期末存货调整。
- Income statement – Summarises income and expenses to find profit or loss for the period. 利润表：汇总当期收入和费用，计算损益的报表。
- Statement of financial position – A snapshot of assets, liabilities, and equity on the last day of the period. 财务状况表：期末最后一天资产、负债和权益的快照。
- Gross profit – Sales less cost of sales. 毛利：销售收入减销售成本。
- Expenses (overheads) – Running costs like rent, wages, and insurance. 费用（间接费用）：租金、工资、保险费等运营成本。
- Working capital (net current assets) – Current assets minus current liabilities. 营运资本：流动资产减流动负债。
11. Accounting Concepts & Conventions | 会计概念与惯例
WJEC expects you to know and apply four key concepts: going concern, accruals, consistency, and prudence. The going concern concept assumes the business will continue for the foreseeable future. Accruals match income and expenses to the period they relate to, not when cash is received or paid. Consistency demands using the same methods year on year, while prudence avoids overstating profit or assets.
WJEC 要求掌握并运用四项主要概念：持续经营、应计制、一贯性和审慎性。持续经营假设企业在可预见的未来持续运营。应计制要求将收入和费用与其发生的期间配比，而非按现金收付。一贯性要求各年采用相同方法，审慎性则避免高估利润或资产。
- Going concern – The entity will not be forced to liquidate in the near future. 持续经营：企业在近期不会被强制停业清算。
- Accruals (matching) – Revenue and costs are recognised as they occur, not as money changes hands. 应计制：收入与费用按其发生时确认，而非现金收支时。
- Consistency – Once an accounting treatment is selected, it should be applied uniformly. 一贯性：一旦采用某种会计处理方法，应一贯运用。
- Prudence (conservatism) – Provide for all possible losses, anticipate no profits until realised. 审慎性：预计所有可能损失，不预计未实现利润。
12. Key Financial Ratios | 关键财务比率
Ratios help analyse profitability, liquidity, and efficiency. WJEC often tests gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on capital employed (ROCE), current ratio, and acid test ratio. All formulas can be expressed with simple arithmetic. Centre them on the page for easy reference. To memorise ROCE, think “profit over capital employed”.
财务比率帮助分析盈利能力、流动性和效率。WJEC 常考毛利率、净利率、资本报酬率（ROCE）、流动比率和酸性测试比率。所有公式均可用简单算术表达，居中排版便于查阅。记忆 ROCE 时可想“利润除以运用资本”。
Gross Profit Margin = (Gross Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100%
Net Profit Margin = (Net Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100%
ROCE = (Net Profit ÷ Capital Employed) × 100%
Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
Acid Test Ratio = (Current Assets − Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities
- Gross profit marginPublished by TutorHao | Year 11 Accounting Revision Series | aleveler.com
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