Year 11 WJEC Business: Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | Year 11 WJEC 商务：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 WJEC Business: Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | Year 11 WJEC 商务：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key business terms is essential for success in Year 11 WJEC Business. This guide groups essential vocabulary by topic, with plain English definitions and Chinese translations to help you memorise and apply them confidently in exams.

掌握关键商务术语对于在 Year 11 WJEC 商务考试中取得成功至关重要。本指南按主题将基本词汇分组，并用通俗易懂的英文定义和中文翻译，帮助你记忆并在考试中自信运用。

1. Enterprise and Entrepreneurship | 企业与创业精神

Enterprise: The ability to identify business opportunities and take risks to set up a business. It’s about being innovative and proactive.

企业精神：识别商业机会并承担风险创立企业的能力。核心在于创新与主动。

Entrepreneur: An individual who organises resources, takes financial risks, and starts a new business venture.

企业家：组织资源、承担财务风险并创办新商业项目的个人。

Social enterprise: A business that trades to tackle social problems, improve communities, or help the environment, reinvesting most of its profits.

社会企业：通过贸易来解决社会问题、改善社区或帮助环境，并将大部分利润进行再投资的企业。

Business plan: A document setting out a business idea, objectives, financial forecasts, and operational strategy.

商业计划书：阐明商业理念、目标、财务预测和运营策略的文件。

---

2. Business Ownership and Structures | 企业所有权与结构

Sole trader: A business owned and controlled by one person. The owner keeps all profits but has unlimited liability.

个体经营者：由一人拥有并控制的生意。所有者获得全部利润，但承担无限责任。

Partnership: A business owned by 2 to 20 partners who share capital, responsibilities, and profits. Usually each partner has unlimited liability.

合伙企业：由2至20位合伙人共同拥有，共担资本、责任和利润。通常每位合伙人承担无限责任。

Private limited company (Ltd): An incorporated business with limited liability and shares that cannot be sold to the public.

私人有限公司 (Ltd)：具有有限责任的法人企业，其股份不能向公众出售。

Public limited company (PLC): An incorporated business that can sell shares on the stock exchange to raise large amounts of capital.

公共有限公司 (PLC)：可以在证券交易所出售股份以筹集大量资本的法人企业。

Franchise: The right to use an established brand and business model in return for a fee and a share of revenue.

特许经营权：通过支付费用和收入分成，获得使用成熟品牌和商业模式的权利。

---

3. Aims and Objectives | 宗旨与目标

Business aim: A long‑term goal a business wants to achieve, such as survival, growth, or becoming the market leader.

企业宗旨：企业希望实现的长期目标，如生存、成长或成为市场领导者。

SMART objectives: Objectives that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time‑bound. They break down an aim into clear steps.

SMART 目标：具体、可衡量、可实现、相关且有时限的目标。它们将宗旨分解为清晰的步骤。

Profit maximisation: Aiming to make as much profit as possible, often by increasing revenue and controlling costs.

利润最大化：通过增加收入和控製成本，力求获得尽可能多的利润。

Social objectives: Goals focused on benefiting people or the planet, such as reducing carbon footprint or supporting local suppliers.

社会目标：专注于造福人类或地球的目标，例如减少碳足迹或支持本地供应商。

---

4. Marketing: The Marketing Mix and Strategy | 市场营销：营销组合与策略

Marketing mix: The combination of Product, Price, Place, and Promotion (the 4Ps) that a business uses to meet customer needs.

营销组合：企业为满足顾客需求而结合使用的产品、价格、渠道和促销（4P）。

Unique selling point (USP): The feature or attribute that makes a product different from competitors, e.g. better quality or lower price.

独特卖点 (USP)：让产品区别于竞争对手的特征或属性，例如更好的质量或更低的价格。

Market segmentation: Dividing the market into groups of consumers with similar characteristics, such as age, income, or lifestyle.

市场细分：根据年龄、收入或生活方式等相似特征将市场划分为不同的消费者群体。

Target market: The specific group of customers a business aims its products and marketing at.

目标市场：企业将其产品和营销活动所针对的特定顾客群。

Brand loyalty: When customers repeatedly buy the same brand rather than switching to competitors.

品牌忠诚度：顾客反复购买同一品牌而非转向竞争对手的倾向。

---

5. Market Research | 市场调研

Primary research (field research): Gathering new data first‑hand, e.g. through questionnaires, interviews, or focus groups.

一手调研（实地调研）：直接收集全新的数据，例如通过问卷、访谈或焦点小组。

Secondary research (desk research): Using existing data collected by others, such as government statistics, internet reports, or trade journals.

二手调研（案头调研）：使用他人已收集的数据，如政府统计数据、互联网报告或行业杂志。

Qualitative data: Non‑numerical information about opinions, feelings, and motivations, often collected in open‑ended questions.

定性数据：关于意见、感受和动机的非数字信息，通常通过开放式问题收集。

Quantitative data: Numerical information that can be analysed statistically, e.g. sales figures or rating scales.

定量数据：可进行统计分析的数值信息，例如销售数据或评分量表。

---

6. Finance: Key Financial Terms | 财务：关键财务术语

Revenue (turnover): The income a business earns from selling goods or services, calculated as price × quantity sold.

收入（营业额）：企业通过销售商品或服务赚取的收入，计算方式为价格 × 销售量。

Fixed costs: Costs that do not change with the level of output, e.g. rent, salaries, insurance.

固定成本：不随产量变化而改变的成本，例如租金、员工工资、保险。

Variable costs: Costs that vary directly with output, e.g. raw materials, packaging, piece‑rate wages.

可变成本：随产量直接变动的成本，例如原材料、包装、计件工资。

Break‑even point: The level of output where total revenue equals total costs; the business makes neither a profit nor a loss.

盈亏平衡点：总收入等于总成本的产量水平；企业不盈不亏。

Break‑even formula: Revenue = Costs → Price × Quantity = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs

盈亏平衡公式：收入 = 成本 → 价格 × 数量 = 固定成本 + 可变成本

Profit: The financial gain when revenue exceeds total costs.

利润：当收入超过总成本时的财务收益。

---

7. Sources of Finance | 融资来源

Internal finance: Money raised from inside the business, such as retained profit or selling assets.

内部融资：从企业内部筹集的资金，如留存利润或出售资产。

External finance: Funds obtained from outside the business, e.g. bank loans, overdrafts, or share capital.

外部融资：从企业外部获得的资金，例如银行贷款、透支或股本。

Short‑term finance: Borrowing to cover day‑to‑day expenses for less than one year, like a bank overdraft.

短期融资：为支付日常开支而进行的期限少于一年的借款，如银行透支。

Long‑term finance: Funds used for major investments and repaid over more than one year, such as a mortgage or long‑term loan.

长期融资：用于重大投资并在一年以上偿还的资金，如抵押贷款或长期贷款。

---

8. People in Business: Human Resources | 企业中的人：人力资源

Recruitment: The process of finding and hiring suitable employees, which includes job descriptions, person specifications, and interviews.

招聘：寻找并雇用合适员工的流程，包括岗位描述、人员规格和面试。

Training: Activities to improve employees’ skills and knowledge. Induction training is for new starters; on‑the‑job training happens during work.

培训：提升员工技能和知识的活动。入职培训针对新员工；在岗培训在工作期间进行。

Motivation: The factors that drive employees to work hard. Financial motivators include bonuses and commission; non‑financial ones include praise and career progression.

激励：推动员工努力工作的因素。财务激励包括奖金和佣金；非财务激励包括表扬和职业发展。

Organisational structure: The way jobs and responsibilities are arranged in a business, showing the chain of command and span of control.

组织结构：企业内岗位与职责的排列方式，展示指挥链和管理幅度。

---

9. Operations Management | 运营管理

Production methods: Job production (one‑off items), batch production (groups of identical products), and flow production (continuous manufacturing).

生产方式：单件生产（定制单品）、批量生产（成组相同产品）和流水生产（连续制造）。

Quality control: Checking products at the end of the production process to find defects before they reach customers.

质量控制：在生产流程结束时检查产品，以便在产品到达顾客手中前发现缺陷。

Quality assurance: Building quality into every stage of production to prevent mistakes, often involving supplier checks and standardised procedures.

质量保证：将质量融入生产的每个阶段以预防错误，通常涉及供应商检验和标准化程序。

Procurement: The process of buying the raw materials, components, and services a business needs to produce its goods.

采购：购买企业生产商品所需的原材料、零部件和服务的过程。

Supply chain: The network of businesses, suppliers, and distributors involved in getting a product from raw materials to the final consumer.

供应链：参与将产品从原材料送达最终消费者的企业、供应商和分销商网络。

---

10. External Influences on Business | 外部商业影响

Stakeholder: Any individual or group affected by or with an interest in a business’s activities, e.g. customers, employees, owners, government, suppliers.

利益相关者：任何受企业活动影响或对其有兴趣的个人或群体，如顾客、员工、所有者、政府、供应商。

Ethics in business: Making decisions based on moral principles, such as fair trade, reducing pollution, or avoiding child labour.

商业道德：基于道德原则做出决策，例如公平贸易、减少污染或避免使用童工。

Globalisation: The increasing interconnection of national economies, leading to more international trade, multinational companies, and global supply chains.

全球化：各国经济日益互联，导致更多国际贸易、跨国公司和全球供应链。

Exchange rate: The price of one currency in terms of another. A strong pound (£) makes imports cheaper but exports more expensive.

汇率：一种货币以另一种货币表示的价格。英镑走强会使进口更便宜，但出口更昂贵。

Term | 术语	Impact on UK business | 对英国企业的影响
Strong pound | 英镑升值	Cheaper imports, harder to export | 进口更便宜，出口更困难
Weak pound | 英镑贬值	Exports more competitive, imports more expensive | 出口更具竞争力，进口更贵

---

11. The Economy and Business | 经济与商业

Inflation: A sustained rise in the general price level. It reduces the purchasing power of money and can increase business costs.

通货膨胀：总体物价水平的持续上升。它会降低货币购买力，并可能增加企业成本。

Interest rate: The cost of borrowing money or the reward for saving, set by the Bank of England. Higher rates raise loan repayments and can reduce consumer spending.

利率：借贷的成本或储蓄的回报，由英格兰银行设定。较高的利率提高贷款偿债额，可能减少消费者支出。

Unemployment: The percentage of the labour force willing and able to work but without a job. High unemployment may lower demand for many goods.

失业率：劳动力中愿意且有能力工作但找不到工作的人所占的百分比。高失业率可能降低对许多商品的需求。

Government taxation: A direct tax (e.g. corporation tax on profits) reduces net income; an indirect tax (e.g. VAT) increases the selling price.

政府税收：直接税（例如对公司利润征收的企业所得税）减少净收入；间接税（例如增值税）提高售价。

---

12. Business Growth and Integration | 企业成长与整合

Organic growth (internal growth): Expanding the business’s own operations, e.g. by opening new stores or launching new products.

内生增长（内部成长）：通过自身运营扩张，例如开设新门店或推出新产品。

Inorganic growth (external growth): Growth through mergers or takeovers (acquisitions). It is usually faster but riskier.

外生增长（外部成长）：通过合并或收购实现增长。通常速度更快但风险更高。

Horizontal integration: When a business merges with or takes over another at the same stage of production, e.g. two coffee chains merging.

横向整合：企业与处于同一生产阶段的另一企业合并或收购，例如两个咖啡连锁企业合并。

Vertical integration: Acquiring a business in the same industry at a different stage of production. Backward vertical integration means buying a supplier; forward means buying a customer/distributor.

纵向整合：收购同一行业中不同生产阶段的业务。后向纵向整合指收购供应商；前向指收购客户/分销商。

Diversification: Moving into completely different markets or industries, spreading risk but also requiring new expertise.

多元化：进入完全不同的市场或行业，分散风险但同时也需要新的专业技能。

Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）