📚 Year 11 WJEC Music: Quick Guide to Memorising Musical Terms | Year 11 WJEC 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the exact terminology is a major part of success in the WJEC GCSE Music listening and appraising paper. This guide organises the key terms by musical element and gives you memory hacks to embed them fast, so you can recognise and describe features confidently in the exam.
掌握准确的术语是在 WJEC GCSE 音乐听力与鉴赏考试中取得好成绩的关键。本指南按音乐元素整理核心术语，并为你提供快速记忆的技巧，让你在考试中自信地识别和描述音乐特征。
1. Tempo Markings | 速度标记
Tempo is the speed of the underlying beat. Most common terms are in Italian and are often abbreviated.
速度是底层节拍的快慢。最常见的术语均为意大利语，且常被缩写。
Largo – Very slow, broad and stately, around 40–60 BPM (beats per minute).
广板 – 非常缓慢、宽广而庄严，约 40–60 拍/分钟。
Adagio – Slow and leisurely, typically 66–76 BPM.
柔板 – 缓慢而从容，通常 66–76 拍/分钟。
Andante – At a walking pace, around 76–108 BPM.
行板 – 以步行的速度，约 76–108 拍/分钟。
Moderato – A moderate speed, roughly 108–120 BPM.
中板 – 中等速度，大约 108–120 拍/分钟。
Allegro – Fast, lively and bright, around 120–168 BPM.
快板 – 快速、活泼而明亮，约 120–168 拍/分钟。
Vivace – Very lively and brisk, often 168–176 BPM.
活板 – 非常活泼轻快，常见 168–176 拍/分钟。
Presto – Extremely fast, typically 168–200 BPM.
急板 – 极快的速度，通常 168–200 拍/分钟。
Accelerando (accel.) – Gradually getting faster.
渐快 (accel.) – 逐渐加快。
Ritardando (rit.) / Rallentando (rall.) – Gradually getting slower.
渐慢 (rit./rall.) – 逐渐减慢。
A tempo – Return to the original tempo after a change.
回原速 – 变化后恢复原来的速度。
2. Dynamics | 力度
Dynamics describe the volume of the music, ranging from very soft to very loud. Changes in volume are just as examinable as static levels.
力度描述音乐的强弱，从非常轻柔到非常响亮。音量的变化和静态级别一样可能出现在考题中。
Pianissimo (pp) – Very soft.
极弱 (pp) – 非常轻柔。
Piano (p) – Soft.
弱 (p) – 轻柔。
Mezzo-piano (mp) – Moderately soft.
中弱 (mp) – 中等轻柔。
Mezzo-forte (mf) – Moderately loud.
中强 (mf) – 中等响亮。
Forte (f) – Loud.
强 (f) – 响亮。
Fortissimo (ff) – Very loud.
极强 (ff) – 非常响亮。
Crescendo (cresc.) – Gradually getting louder.
渐强 (cresc.) – 逐渐变强。
Diminuendo (dim.) / Decrescendo – Gradually getting softer.
渐弱 (dim.) – 逐渐变弱。
Sforzando (sfz) – A sudden, strong accent on a single note.
突强 (sfz) – 在一个音上突然施加的重音。
3. Articulation & Ornaments | 演奏法与装饰音
Articulation tells the performer how to attack and connect notes. Ornaments are melodic decorations that add expressive detail.
演奏法指示演奏者如何起音及连接音符。装饰音是增加表现力细节的旋律点缀。
Staccato – Short, detached notes, indicated by a dot above or below the note head.
断奏 – 短促分离的音，用音符上方或下方的小圆点表示。
Legato – Smooth, connected notes, often shown by a slur mark.
连奏 – 平滑连贯的音符，通常用连线表示。
Accent (>) – An emphasised attack on a note.
重音 (> ) – 对某个音进行强调。
Tenuto (–) – Hold the note for its full value, sometimes slightly stressed.
保持音 (–) – 奏足音符时值，有时稍加压力。
Trill (tr) – Rapid alternation between two adjacent notes.
颤音 (tr) – 两个相邻音符快速交替演奏。
Turn ( 𝄐 ) – A four-note ornament: upper note, main note, lower note, main note.
回音 ( 𝄐 ) – 由上方音、本音、下方音、本音四个音依次构成的装饰。
Mordent ( 𝄞 or 𝄟 ) – A single rapid alternation between the written note and the note above (upper mordent) or below (lower mordent).
波音 ( 𝄞 或 𝄟 ) – 本音与上方（上波音）或下方（下波音）邻音的一次快速交替。
Appoggiatura – A leaning note that displaces the main note and takes half its value, creating an expressive dissonance.
倚音 – 一个依靠音，占用主干音一半的时值，制造富有表情的不协和效果。
4. Melody & Pitch | 旋律与音高
Melodic terms describe how a tune moves, its shape, and the raw material used. Recognising these features helps you comment on the character of a piece.
旋律术语描述曲调的运动方式、形态以及所使用的原始素材。识别这些特征有助于评论乐曲的性格。
Conjunct – Melody that moves by step (adjacent notes of the scale).
级进 – 旋律以音阶相邻音的方式行进。
Disjunct – Melody that moves by leaps (wider intervals).
跳进 – 旋律以较大音程跳跃行进。
Triadic – Melody built mainly from notes of a triad.
三和弦式 – 主要用三和弦的各个音构成的旋律。
Sequence – A melodic pattern repeated at a higher or lower pitch.
模进 – 一个旋律型在较高或较低的音高上重复。
Ostinato – A short, repeated musical pattern (melodic, rhythmic or harmonic).
固定音型 – 一个短小并不断重复的音乐模式（可以是旋律性、节奏性或和声性）。
Riff – A catchy, repeated melodic or rhythmic hook, common in pop and rock.
连复段 – 流行和摇滚音乐中引人入胜的、重复的旋律或节奏短句。
Motif – The smallest distinctive musical idea, used for thematic development.
动机 – 最小的、富有特色的音乐构想，用于主题发展。
Arpeggio – The notes of a chord played in succession, rather than simultaneously.
琶音 – 将和弦的各音依次而非同时奏出。
Diatonic – Using only the notes belonging to the prevailing key.
自然音 – 只使用当前调性内的音符。
Chromatic – Using notes outside the main key, by semitone steps.
半音阶 – 通过半音使用调性之外的音符。
Pentatonic – A five-note scale, often used in folk and world music.
五声音阶 – 五个音符组成的音阶，常见于民谣和世界音乐。
5. Harmony & Tonality | 和声与调性
Harmony and tonality shape the emotional colour of a piece. You must be able to identify whether the music is in a major or minor key, and recognise standard chord progressions and cadences.
和声与调性塑造了一首乐曲的情感色彩。你必须能辨认音乐是大调还是小调，并识别常见的和弦进行与终止式。
Tonality – The overall key centre: major, minor, modal, atonal.
调性 – 整体的调性中心：大调、小调、调式、无调性。
Modal – Uses ancient church modes (e.g. Dorian) rather than modern major/minor.
调式 – 使用古老教堂调式（如多利亚调式）而非现代大小调。
Atonal – Music without a clear key centre, often from the 20th century.
无调性 – 没有明确调性中心的音乐，常见于 20 世纪作品。
Diatonic harmony – Chords built only from the notes of the key.
自然音和声 – 仅由调内音构成的和弦。
Chromatic harmony – Chords that include notes outside the key.
半音化和声 – 包含调外音的和弦。
Pedal note (or drone) – A sustained or repeated note, usually in the bass, while harmonies change above it.
持续音（或低音长音） – 一个持续或重复的音（通常在低音部），上方和声不断变化。
Perfect cadence (V–I) – Sounds complete and final.
完全终止 (V–I) – 听起来完满且结束感强。
Plagal cadence (IV–I) – Sounds like ‘Amen’, softer ending.
变格终止 (IV–I) – 听起来像 ‘阿门’，较柔和的结尾。
Imperfect cadence (I/ii/IV – V) – Sounds unfinished, as if a comma.
不完全终止 (I/ii/IV – V) – 听起来未完成，如同一个逗号。
Interrupted cadence (V–vi) – Surprise ending, sounds unexpected.
阻碍终止 (V–vi) – 意外的结尾，听感出乎预料。
Modulation – A change of key within a piece, often to the dominant or relative minor.
转调 – 乐曲内部的调性变化，常转到属调或关系小调。
6. Texture | 织体
Texture refers to how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate to each other. These terms often appear in Section B questions.
织体指同时听到的声音层次的数量以及它们之间的关系。这些术语常在 B 部分问题中出现。
Monophonic – A single unaccompanied melodic line (e.g. a solo chant).
单声部织体 – 单一的、无伴奏的旋律线条（如独唱圣咏）。
Homophonic – Melody with chordal accompaniment; all parts move together rhythmically.
主调织体 – 旋律加和弦伴奏，所有声部节奏大致相同。
Polyphonic / Contrapuntal – Two or more independent melodic lines woven together (e.g. a fugue).
复调织体 – 两条或更多独立旋律线条交织而成（如赋格）。
Melody and accompaniment – A clear tune supported by chords or a bass line.
旋律与伴奏 – 清晰的曲调由和弦或低音线条支撑。
Imitation – Where one part copies another at a short distance, common in polyphonic music.
模仿 – 一个声部在短时间间隔后复制另一个声部，常见于复调音乐。
Antiphonal – Two groups of voices or instruments answering each other, often spatially separated.
应答轮唱/唱和 – 两组人声或乐器相互应答，通常在空间上分隔。
Octaves / Unison – All parts sounding the same notes at the same pitch (unison) or an octave apart, creating a thickened single line.
八度/齐奏 – 所有声部在相同音高（齐奏）或相隔八度上演奏相同音符，形成加厚的单线条。
7. Structure & Form | 曲式结构
Understanding the overall plan of a piece helps you navigate extended listening excerpts. Refer to sections by letters (A, B, C) and know the standard patterns.
了解乐曲的整体布局有助于分析较长的听力选段。用字母（A, B, C）指代段落，并熟悉几种标准模式。
Binary form (AB) – Two distinct sections, often each repeated.
二段体 (AB) – 两个不同的段落，常各自反复。
Ternary form (ABA) – A ‘sandwich’ structure with a contrasting middle section and a return of the opening material.
三段体 (ABA) – 三明治式结构，含一个对比中段并再现开头素材。
Rondo (ABACA) – A recurring main theme (A) alternates with contrasting episodes.
回旋曲式 (ABACA) – 反复出现的主部 (A) 与对比插部交替。
Theme and variations – A theme is presented and then altered in successive sections (A, A1, A2, A3…).
主题与变奏 – 主题呈示后，在后续段落中不断变化 (A, A1, A2, A3…)。
Sonata form – Exposition (two contrasting themes), development, recapitulation; used in first movements of Classical symphonies.
奏鸣曲式 – 呈示部（两个对比主题）、展开部、再现部；用于古典交响曲的第一乐章。
Strophic – Same music for each verse, common in folk songs and hymns.
分节歌 – 每一段歌词
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